The Black Diasporic discourse Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Diasporic discourse - Term Paper Example Every period in the history of African American literature portrays its unique theme. Yet, in every period, almost all African American writers have tried to present event a quick look into the diverse and rich histories of African Americans. The transatlantic slave trade transported millions of Africans to the Americas, Caribbean, India, Europe, North Africa, and the Arab world. Numerous African American literary texts describe this great movement in detail. Michael Gomez provides a factual description of the African Diaspora in his book Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora, while Charles Henry Rowell presents a collection of African American fiction and poetry in his book Making Callaloo: 25 Years of Black Literature. This paper analyzes how the African slave trade’s shaping of the African diaspora was described in these two important books. African Diaspora in Black Literature The massive forced transport of Africans does not match precisely the meaning of dias pora. African slaves do not belong to a single ethnic or religious group, but to different beliefs, cultures, and ethnicity. However, the concept of diaspora can be related to the African diaspora in its broadest meaning of diffusion and preserved cultural traditions. Millions of Africans who were scattered across the globe through the slave trade kept hold of their culture, and continuously practiced it through rituals, traditions, music, and religion. Over the recent decades, the black Atlantic discipline has placed emphasis on the shaping of racial groups across the globe, with a focus on the flow of material objects and ideas. And still Africa is strangely missing in these lively and flourishing discourses, as the Atlantic is still viewed as mainly talking about the flow of objects, peoples, and ideas between the Americas and Europe. Hence, African American literature emerges to describe how Africa is positioned in the discourses and writings of black diasporic authors. Taking i nto consideration literary portrayals of Africa by African, black British, and African-American authors, this paper argues that a charting of Africa in diasporic literature contributes much to the reconstruction of current perspectives of diaspora. In black diaspora literary texts, the symbol of Africa refers as strongly to aspirations of liberation and restoration of a lost homeland. Read as one, the literary creations of authors, such as Caryl Phillips, Percival Everett, and the other authors included in the book Making Callaloo, make up a black Atlantic collection. This collection comprises not just writings that emphasize transnational movement across different points of the Atlantic, but also texts that adopt the theoretical features of the concept of diaspora—the effort to unearth a valuable past, the significance of memory, and the loss of home. Moreover, a study of diaspora essentially requires a thought on the outcomes of slavery, as well as an analysis on the relati onship of Africans to the Western word and its intellectual forces, specifically those that have been identified with regard to Africans—reason and modernity. Two of the most remarkable contemporary writers of African diaspora are Michael Gomez and Charles Henry Rowell. In Reversing Sail, Michael Gomez explores the factual scattering and movement of Africans since ancient times. The struggles of Africans in Europe, the Arab world, and the Mediterranean are afterward marked by their migration into the Americas, where their predicaments in territories invaded by European colonizers are examined in relation to the African

Emotional Disorder Essay Example for Free

Emotional Disorder Essay There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes â€Å"good emotional health,† and it is difficult to measure emotional function with any degree of precision. It is probably safe to say that (1) all people display disorder or inappropriate behavior at certain times, (2) behavior is strongly influenced by an individual’s ethnic and cultural background, and (3) the label of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† itself have a negative effect on a person’s behavior and on the way in which other people interact with the individual so labeled. It is generally agreed, however, that to be classified as having an emotional or behavioral disability that requires treatment, a person’s behavior must deviate markedly and chronically from established societal and cultural norms. The extent to which an individual can function in major life roles is an important rehabilitation consideration, with severe mental illness (or chronic mental illness) defined by diagnosis, duration, and attendant disability. Role impairment occurs in severe of the following five areas: (1) self care and direction, (2) interpersonal relationships, (3) learning and leisure activities, (4) independent living, and (5) economic self-sufficiency. Caution should always be used in applying the designation of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† to anyone. Some individuals with visual impairments have been viewed as exhibiting behavior patterns that are â€Å"deviant† or â€Å"abnormal† primarily because of others’ limited understanding of blindness and their lack of ability to assess the emotional states of clients who are visually impaired. Parents as the root of the problem There is a wealth of educational and psychological research starting that â€Å"dysfunctional families† produce dysfunctional children. † Professionals tend to see parents as hostile, indifferent, uninterested, uncooperative, and the source of their children’s problems (Leitch Tangri, 1998). Recent studies indicate that this foundational belief in parents as the root if their child’s emotional disability or school difficulties remains steadfast. Teachers view parents as the source of their children’s problems and believe that the parents are in need of help themselves (Bailey, Buyssee, Edmonson, Smith, 1992; Friesen Ehlers, 1994; Mickelson, 2000). Additionally, teachers tend to view minority culture parents through biased eyes that that lead to misunderstanding. Yet in their study of African American, Hispanic American, Native American, and European American parents, Geenen, Powers, and Lopez Vasquez (2001) found that the culturally and linguistically diverse parents were active in special education transition planning activities. Emotional disability is particularly prevalent during and following an acute cardiac illness, especially heart attack. Approximately two-thirds of such individuals will have some disturbing emotional response, most commonly anxiety and or/depression. To some extent, the magnitude of the emotional response is a function of the client’s personality. The person, who was chronically dissatisfied, chronically depressed, hypochrondriacal, or hard driving, time-conscious and goal-oriented is more apt to respond with a significant and possibly disabling degree of anxiety and/ or depression. Although these personality types are often present, it should not be assumes that personality types are often present, it should not be assumed that personality patterns are always the cause of persistent anxiety or depression following an acute cardiac illness.

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essay

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scott's Blade Runner The science fiction film, Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott, first released in 1982 and loosely based on Philip K. Dick's novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,1 has continued to fascinate film viewers, theorists and critics for more than fifteen years. Writings include Judith B. Kerman's Retrofitting Blade Runner, a collection of academic essays;2 Paul M. Sammon's book on the making of the various versions of the film;3 and an extensive network of publications are available via the World-Wide Web.4 A student colleague has just seen the film for the eighteenth time. The "Director's Cut", released in 1992, is a more satisfying version of the film than earlier releases, mainly because narration is excluded, more mythological ambiguity is introduced (with the inclusion of a scene of a unicorn running through a forest), and the finalà © of an escape into nature is removed. In the context of Blade Runner's dystopia such an ending is incredible; for science fiction to succeed there needs to be plausibility within speculation. Since the Director's Cut, Blade Runner seems to have had a phoenix-like resurgence. Just as the simulated humans, or replicants, become more than the sum of their parts as they develop "humanity", so the film has become more than the sum of its parts as interaction - among critics and fans as well as scriptwriters, actors and film crew - contributes to ways of seeing. Scott describes depth in film as like a seven hundred-layer cake.5 Ideas presented in these layers can expand and deepen in the viewer's mind. The viewer's eye becomes as important for the ongoing life of the film as the eyes on which the camera focuses in Blade Runner.6 ... ...uiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, Cambridge MA, 1989, p.312. 15 The White Goddess: a historical grammar of poetic myth, Farrer, Straus & Giroux, New York,1984, p. 255. 16 Carson, op. cit., p.21. 17 Carson, op. cit., p.22. 18 Steve Carper, "Subverting the Disaffected City", Kerman, Retrofitting Blade-Runner op. cit., p.193. 19 Sammon. op. cit., p.6. 20 Guardian Weekly, July 20, 1997, p.24. 21 The New Internationalist, op. cit., p.17. 22 "The Soul of Science", Resurgence, September/October, 1997. No.184, p.9. 23 The Mercury, Hobart, Tasmania, Sept. 1. 1997. Co author Stephen Steigrad, Department of Reproductive Medicine at Sydney's Royal Hospital for Women, found that 276 families through four fertility units did not plan to tell their children that they were the product of artificial insemination with sperm from donors.

TEWWG Research Paper

Nanny, who dearly cares for Jeanie, is beyond retroactive, only because she fears for her granddaughter's safety. In Harpoon's novel, Nanny did not have good experiences with white men. She was born into slavery and was overpowered by her master, raping her. Giving birth to a light-skinned child caused havoc. The master's wife planned to whip Nanny, so she decided to run away and hide in the swamps with her daughter. In later years, Leafy is also raped by a white man, a school teacher. After witnessing disrespect, abuse, and rape of black women, Nanny doesn't want to risk that happening to Jeanie as well.Nanny tells Jeanie the truth about the harsh world without sugar coating it. Nanny had every reason to be worried for Genie's safety after being mistreated most of her life. Because of this she forbids Jeanie to seek love of her own and marries her off to old Logan Clicks. â€Å"Taint Logan Clicks Ah wants you to have, baby, it's protection† (Hurst 14). â€Å"Maybe it's some place way off in De ocean where De black man is in power, but we don't know nothing' but what we see. So De white man thrown down De load and tell De Niger man HTH pick it up.He pick it up because he have to, but he don't tote it. He hand it to his womenfolk's. De Niger woman is De mule uh De world so fur as Ah can see. Ad been praying' uh it HTH be different wide you. Lad, Lad, Lad! † (Hurst 14). Nanny compares negro women to mules simply because that is how they are treated. Being a black woman was the worst that one could be. They were below white men, white women, and even black men. They were the lowest and were of course treated that way. Nanny was most definitely justified in her decision to marry off Jeanie to Logan Clicks.As a former slave, Nanny knew what it could be like for Jeanie without a husband, serving as her protection and escaping the cycle of rape and abuse throughout the generations. As Jeanie becomes tired of Logan and meets the charming and successful Jo e Starks, she decides to leave for Detonative. While being Mrs.. Mayor Starks, Joe puts her to work at their store. Soon the lust in their relationship is lost. Realizing he is growing older and less attractive, Joe makes Jeanie fell terrible for every mistake she makes. This results in violence.When Jeanie makes a mistake in the store, Joe feels he needs to put Jeanie in her place by beating her in front of all the townsmen. After being abused once before, she maintained her emotions and was silent, but this time Jeanie retaliates. Deep down inside she is getting revenge on her father and grandfather. She eels how her mother and grandmother felt when they were disrespected, but at a lesser level. Wanting to avenge Nanny and Leafy, Jeanie fights back by striping away his manliness. Even being indirectly traumatized by sexual abuse has scarred Jeanie.Just by knowing that her mother and Nanny were taken advantage of hurts her deep inside. Coming into the world being a child of violenc e is mortifying. Especially, being abandoned by her mother and realizing that she never wanted Jeanie to begin with, makes one feel that they don't deserve a place in this world. When not even the mother of the child can love them, who else can? These thoughts must have run through Janis mind a million times. Fortunately for Jeanie, Nanny did not want the family cycle of rape and abuse to continue throughout her generation.Nanny truly makes the difference, causing the cycle to break. Eventually Joe dies and Jeanie is on her own. Meeting a younger man, Tea Cake, she falls in love. First being loving and passionate, the relationship turns abusive as Tea Cake takes his anger out on Jeanie. She does not completely break the cycle of abuse. This time, Jeanie does nothing. She does not fight back at all. It is not that Jeanie could not fight back. She really trusted Tea Cake o love and protect her. When she gets hit she receives an overwhelming sense of betrayal and shock (Kessler).It was truly heartbreaking. Fighting back could even make thing worse and make Tea Cake even more aggressive. Jeanie was so deeply in love that she couldn't leave. Even if she wanted to, she would have nowhere to go. In many cases when the woman tries to leave, the man becomes even angrier and would threaten them (Kessler). Resisting the control Of the abuser only seems to make matters worse. Just like Jeanie, many women are physically abused. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence estimates that 1. Million women are victims of physical assault by their partner each year.Nearly eighty five percent of domestic violence victims are women and females between the ages of twenty and twenty-four are at the greatest risk of partner violence. Jeanie was only one of the few women to be assaulted. In the 1 ass's, Genie's time, it was even more likely that women were abused since men had more rights. One of the universal themes of literature is the idea that children suffer because of the mistakes of an earlier generation. In Genie's case, this was true. Doing everything she could, Nanny tried to mold a safe world for Jeanie.

Advertising Causes And Effects Essay

Advertisement industries have affected the world for decades up until these days. We can see those flashy, catchy and colorful advertisements everywhere especially through mass media. United States was reported as the largest and creative advertising market in the world. Some people thought that advertising does not affect much on their lifestyles and some would just making assumptions that advertisements can cause negative effects to consumers especially when it is related to the product’s quality. However, we cannot be too judgmental on advertising industries because they have their own benefits. It is very important to take note that advertising does have its own positive side to country’s economy, companies and also society. Firstly, advertising can bring benefits to the economy. This is because, advertising generate more jobs comparing to the others. They offers diversity of careers option like writers, authors, artist, editors and others. According to the World Advertising Federation (WFA), US advertising generate 18.2 million out of the 126.7 million jobs in that country (2008). Besides that, advertising contribute a huge share on the country’s economy. Every advertisement that has been produced, need to pay certain amounts of taxation in order for them to publicize the advertisement to the public. According to the Wall Street Journal, Hungary adopt tax as high as 40% on annual advertising (Feher, 2014). Next, the price of the product will also be reduced through advertising. Most of the companies nowadays are more focusing on the quality of their products instead of gaining profit. One of the strategies that advertisement industries applied in their public relation are by helping the customers to understand more about the products and the company (McNamara, n.d ). Hence, the economy of the country can really be boosts up through advertising. In addition, the society are also affected with the benefits of advertisements. Through advertisements, people can be aware about commercial products and calamities that happened in the world these days. For example, the advertisements that shared on health drinks and toiletry products can generate awareness about health and hygiene to public (Kannan, 2013). Besides, some companies that produce cosmetic products will promote their products by comparing their product and advertise them through mass media.  Consumers would have varieties of options to choose by reading or watching those advertisements since 84 percent of mobile users in Malaysia tend to click on mobile advertisements in order for them to find new products and information (Siti Shameen, 2014). Moreover, people can also express their feeling through advertising. This has seems to be happening in the United States where they allow people to show on their supports regarding the sensitive issues like politics, religion and races. For example, in New York and San Francisco, they have the advertisement that shows Muslims are ‘savages’. (Badger, 2012). Besides, advertisements can also be used to inform public about social events and performances that are going to be held in the future. For instance, the Ad Council, a non- profit organization in the United States had sponsored many public service announcements like their famous ’Loose Lips Sink Ships’ where they run to promote national security during World War II (Morley, 2015). Therefore, advertising brings benefits not only for the consumers but also the society. Next, advertising has made a huge impact on companies. The companies can now create maximal profits through advertising. By having their advertisement airing frequently through pamphlets, mass media and others, they would attract more customers in buying their products. When they are attracted in looking at the advertisements, they would be intimidated in buying the products thus causing the rise of the company’s profit. When the advertisements are being aired through the internet, they would reduce more on their capitals thus, maximizing on their profit (Wright,2015) Besides, advertising also encourage the companies to compete and provide new products. When each of the company produce different types of new products with more improved qualities, the other companies would feel challenged thus producing a better quality of the products. By advertising, it can also improve the company’s public image among the consumer. This is because when a company produce advertisements through mass media, the consumer would assume that the product is quality-proven. It all depends on the company’s decision in conveying the message whether in a good way or the opposite (Thompson, 2014). Thus, advertising contribute to the advantages of the companies. In a nutshell, advertising brings advantages not only for the economy but also to the companies and the consumers. This is because, advertising can bring maximal profits to the company by generating more customers in buying their products. Besides that, the consumers would also have the power to decide which product suits them well through the exposure that they get through advertisements. Next, the country’s economy can also be generate by providing more jobs in the advertisements industries. Therefore, advertisements brings benefits to the world’s economy. 1. Siti Shameen, M.K. (2014).Malaysians love clicking on mobile ads. New Straits Times. p 5. 2. Feher, M. (2011). Hungary adopts tax on advertising revenue. The Wall Street Journal Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/hungaryadoptstaxon advertisingrevenue1402511876

Technology Essays

Technology Essays Technology Essay Technology Essay Technology Makes Life Simpler Technology today is everywhere. It is a need for our lives today. Anyone who is not updated in technology, are left behind. Though it is possible to do things without technology, it is hard or it takes a lot of time to do simple stuff, like making a Powering presentation or milking a cow. Entertainment really makes technology evolve. It makes life simpler. Computer is one of the common types of technology that makes our lives simpler. You can make Powering presentation for students project presentation or office ark. Spreadsheet makes your work easier and more professional. Computer can also makes files and folder for you instead of having a lot of cabinets and papers and you can Just search your files immediately than searching in the cabinet one by one. There are other things that you can do like surfing the web. The internet is one of the most use things in the world. There are many things you can do in the internet, like you can watch a video on how to create a pizza or where is the best place to have a dinner with your date. People are watching their very existence be wiped away and they are too busy watching TV. Many argue that technological advancements are beneficial because they further medical research to find cures for diseases. However, in recent studies obesity has surpassed smoking as the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. The obesity of low income families increased by 400% after being given a computer, TV and car. Their physical activity levels decreased by 31%, with 21% more sitting. Evidently, personal technology makes for a very complacent and lazy society. With being able to finish your homework, talk to a friend, watch a video, even order food, all without having to get out of your chair, the need for physical activity is becoming alarmingly obsolete. People are able to drive cars instead of walking-thanks to technology. People can research things online instead of having to go to the library-thanks to technology. People can sit and watch thousands of shows to entertain themselves instead of going outside and playing sports-thanks to technology. Isnt It ironic how technology is helping solve health Issues, yet promoting them at the same time? Although technology yields many benefits, there are major repercussions to suffer if we become too dependent. With the ease of talking friends and playing games online, a virtual reality is created that allows the user to immerse themselves in a world that isolates them from society. The lure of endless websites, social networks to update and videos to watch prevent students from wanting to spend time outside or with their family and friends. The television eliminates the need for relationships. This overuse and dependence is no different than that of a drug addict. Addicts are looked down upon in society with pity or not having the will power to stop or ability to see how their addiction is ruining their lives, but really how different is society with personal technology? After being provided a solution for a problem we never had, in a couple months we immediately think we cannot live without it. How long was it until we realized smoking was bad? It was okay back then because everyone did it. How long will it be until society realizes the detrimental effect technology has on themselves? We are a species mean to evolve, we are human. But with every new gadget that is innovated, we are pulled rather and further away from our humanly culture. The heavily growing independence shrinks brain capacities, contributes to obesity and isolates people from interaction. The need for calculating, and physical movement will soon become obsolete. Do we have the power to refrain from personal technology before it ruins us? Or will we be unable to function without phones, computers or cars? It is time for us to turn off our computers, phones, cars and TVs and unplug, or else we will continue to fuel the demutualization of society and irreversibly evolve into the robotic, technological age.

law respecting

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The establishment clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one religion to another. It enforces the "separation of church and state". The free exercise clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a person's practice of their religion. In determining weather the a governmental practice is violate the First Amendment Establishment Clause, the Courts have developed the "Lemon Test." The Lemon Test organized in the Court's 1971 Lemon v. Kurtzman, is a three-pronged inquiry: 1) Does the challenged legislation or activities have a legitimate secular purpose? 2) Does the legislation or activity have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion? and 3) Does the legislation or activity excessively entangle government with religion? Several cases that demonstrate the use of the Lemon Test are Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District argued February 24, 1993 Decided June 18, 1993. The issued raised was whether the State may refuse to pay for a deaf child's sign language interpreter in a parochial school. The school district has successfully argued in the U.S. District Court and in the U.S. Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) that permitting a government-funded interpreter to work in a Catholic school would have the primary effect of advancing religion by constituting public aid to a religious institution, which violates the effects prong of the Lemon test. It was also held that paying for the sign language interpreter in a Catholic school would create, in the eyes of Zobrest's Cath