The Black Diasporic discourse Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Diasporic discourse - Term Paper Example Every period in the history of African American literature portrays its unique theme. Yet, in every period, almost all African American writers have tried to present event a quick look into the diverse and rich histories of African Americans. The transatlantic slave trade transported millions of Africans to the Americas, Caribbean, India, Europe, North Africa, and the Arab world. Numerous African American literary texts describe this great movement in detail. Michael Gomez provides a factual description of the African Diaspora in his book Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora, while Charles Henry Rowell presents a collection of African American fiction and poetry in his book Making Callaloo: 25 Years of Black Literature. This paper analyzes how the African slave trade’s shaping of the African diaspora was described in these two important books. African Diaspora in Black Literature The massive forced transport of Africans does not match precisely the meaning of dias pora. African slaves do not belong to a single ethnic or religious group, but to different beliefs, cultures, and ethnicity. However, the concept of diaspora can be related to the African diaspora in its broadest meaning of diffusion and preserved cultural traditions. Millions of Africans who were scattered across the globe through the slave trade kept hold of their culture, and continuously practiced it through rituals, traditions, music, and religion. Over the recent decades, the black Atlantic discipline has placed emphasis on the shaping of racial groups across the globe, with a focus on the flow of material objects and ideas. And still Africa is strangely missing in these lively and flourishing discourses, as the Atlantic is still viewed as mainly talking about the flow of objects, peoples, and ideas between the Americas and Europe. Hence, African American literature emerges to describe how Africa is positioned in the discourses and writings of black diasporic authors. Taking i nto consideration literary portrayals of Africa by African, black British, and African-American authors, this paper argues that a charting of Africa in diasporic literature contributes much to the reconstruction of current perspectives of diaspora. In black diaspora literary texts, the symbol of Africa refers as strongly to aspirations of liberation and restoration of a lost homeland. Read as one, the literary creations of authors, such as Caryl Phillips, Percival Everett, and the other authors included in the book Making Callaloo, make up a black Atlantic collection. This collection comprises not just writings that emphasize transnational movement across different points of the Atlantic, but also texts that adopt the theoretical features of the concept of diaspora—the effort to unearth a valuable past, the significance of memory, and the loss of home. Moreover, a study of diaspora essentially requires a thought on the outcomes of slavery, as well as an analysis on the relati onship of Africans to the Western word and its intellectual forces, specifically those that have been identified with regard to Africans—reason and modernity. Two of the most remarkable contemporary writers of African diaspora are Michael Gomez and Charles Henry Rowell. In Reversing Sail, Michael Gomez explores the factual scattering and movement of Africans since ancient times. The struggles of Africans in Europe, the Arab world, and the Mediterranean are afterward marked by their migration into the Americas, where their predicaments in territories invaded by European colonizers are examined in relation to the African

Emotional Disorder Essay Example for Free

Emotional Disorder Essay There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes â€Å"good emotional health,† and it is difficult to measure emotional function with any degree of precision. It is probably safe to say that (1) all people display disorder or inappropriate behavior at certain times, (2) behavior is strongly influenced by an individual’s ethnic and cultural background, and (3) the label of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† itself have a negative effect on a person’s behavior and on the way in which other people interact with the individual so labeled. It is generally agreed, however, that to be classified as having an emotional or behavioral disability that requires treatment, a person’s behavior must deviate markedly and chronically from established societal and cultural norms. The extent to which an individual can function in major life roles is an important rehabilitation consideration, with severe mental illness (or chronic mental illness) defined by diagnosis, duration, and attendant disability. Role impairment occurs in severe of the following five areas: (1) self care and direction, (2) interpersonal relationships, (3) learning and leisure activities, (4) independent living, and (5) economic self-sufficiency. Caution should always be used in applying the designation of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† to anyone. Some individuals with visual impairments have been viewed as exhibiting behavior patterns that are â€Å"deviant† or â€Å"abnormal† primarily because of others’ limited understanding of blindness and their lack of ability to assess the emotional states of clients who are visually impaired. Parents as the root of the problem There is a wealth of educational and psychological research starting that â€Å"dysfunctional families† produce dysfunctional children. † Professionals tend to see parents as hostile, indifferent, uninterested, uncooperative, and the source of their children’s problems (Leitch Tangri, 1998). Recent studies indicate that this foundational belief in parents as the root if their child’s emotional disability or school difficulties remains steadfast. Teachers view parents as the source of their children’s problems and believe that the parents are in need of help themselves (Bailey, Buyssee, Edmonson, Smith, 1992; Friesen Ehlers, 1994; Mickelson, 2000). Additionally, teachers tend to view minority culture parents through biased eyes that that lead to misunderstanding. Yet in their study of African American, Hispanic American, Native American, and European American parents, Geenen, Powers, and Lopez Vasquez (2001) found that the culturally and linguistically diverse parents were active in special education transition planning activities. Emotional disability is particularly prevalent during and following an acute cardiac illness, especially heart attack. Approximately two-thirds of such individuals will have some disturbing emotional response, most commonly anxiety and or/depression. To some extent, the magnitude of the emotional response is a function of the client’s personality. The person, who was chronically dissatisfied, chronically depressed, hypochrondriacal, or hard driving, time-conscious and goal-oriented is more apt to respond with a significant and possibly disabling degree of anxiety and/ or depression. Although these personality types are often present, it should not be assumes that personality types are often present, it should not be assumed that personality patterns are always the cause of persistent anxiety or depression following an acute cardiac illness.

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essay

An Ecofeminist Perspective of Ridley Scott's Blade Runner The science fiction film, Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott, first released in 1982 and loosely based on Philip K. Dick's novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,1 has continued to fascinate film viewers, theorists and critics for more than fifteen years. Writings include Judith B. Kerman's Retrofitting Blade Runner, a collection of academic essays;2 Paul M. Sammon's book on the making of the various versions of the film;3 and an extensive network of publications are available via the World-Wide Web.4 A student colleague has just seen the film for the eighteenth time. The "Director's Cut", released in 1992, is a more satisfying version of the film than earlier releases, mainly because narration is excluded, more mythological ambiguity is introduced (with the inclusion of a scene of a unicorn running through a forest), and the finalà © of an escape into nature is removed. In the context of Blade Runner's dystopia such an ending is incredible; for science fiction to succeed there needs to be plausibility within speculation. Since the Director's Cut, Blade Runner seems to have had a phoenix-like resurgence. Just as the simulated humans, or replicants, become more than the sum of their parts as they develop "humanity", so the film has become more than the sum of its parts as interaction - among critics and fans as well as scriptwriters, actors and film crew - contributes to ways of seeing. Scott describes depth in film as like a seven hundred-layer cake.5 Ideas presented in these layers can expand and deepen in the viewer's mind. The viewer's eye becomes as important for the ongoing life of the film as the eyes on which the camera focuses in Blade Runner.6 ... ...uiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, Cambridge MA, 1989, p.312. 15 The White Goddess: a historical grammar of poetic myth, Farrer, Straus & Giroux, New York,1984, p. 255. 16 Carson, op. cit., p.21. 17 Carson, op. cit., p.22. 18 Steve Carper, "Subverting the Disaffected City", Kerman, Retrofitting Blade-Runner op. cit., p.193. 19 Sammon. op. cit., p.6. 20 Guardian Weekly, July 20, 1997, p.24. 21 The New Internationalist, op. cit., p.17. 22 "The Soul of Science", Resurgence, September/October, 1997. No.184, p.9. 23 The Mercury, Hobart, Tasmania, Sept. 1. 1997. Co author Stephen Steigrad, Department of Reproductive Medicine at Sydney's Royal Hospital for Women, found that 276 families through four fertility units did not plan to tell their children that they were the product of artificial insemination with sperm from donors.

TEWWG Research Paper

Nanny, who dearly cares for Jeanie, is beyond retroactive, only because she fears for her granddaughter's safety. In Harpoon's novel, Nanny did not have good experiences with white men. She was born into slavery and was overpowered by her master, raping her. Giving birth to a light-skinned child caused havoc. The master's wife planned to whip Nanny, so she decided to run away and hide in the swamps with her daughter. In later years, Leafy is also raped by a white man, a school teacher. After witnessing disrespect, abuse, and rape of black women, Nanny doesn't want to risk that happening to Jeanie as well.Nanny tells Jeanie the truth about the harsh world without sugar coating it. Nanny had every reason to be worried for Genie's safety after being mistreated most of her life. Because of this she forbids Jeanie to seek love of her own and marries her off to old Logan Clicks. â€Å"Taint Logan Clicks Ah wants you to have, baby, it's protection† (Hurst 14). â€Å"Maybe it's some place way off in De ocean where De black man is in power, but we don't know nothing' but what we see. So De white man thrown down De load and tell De Niger man HTH pick it up.He pick it up because he have to, but he don't tote it. He hand it to his womenfolk's. De Niger woman is De mule uh De world so fur as Ah can see. Ad been praying' uh it HTH be different wide you. Lad, Lad, Lad! † (Hurst 14). Nanny compares negro women to mules simply because that is how they are treated. Being a black woman was the worst that one could be. They were below white men, white women, and even black men. They were the lowest and were of course treated that way. Nanny was most definitely justified in her decision to marry off Jeanie to Logan Clicks.As a former slave, Nanny knew what it could be like for Jeanie without a husband, serving as her protection and escaping the cycle of rape and abuse throughout the generations. As Jeanie becomes tired of Logan and meets the charming and successful Jo e Starks, she decides to leave for Detonative. While being Mrs.. Mayor Starks, Joe puts her to work at their store. Soon the lust in their relationship is lost. Realizing he is growing older and less attractive, Joe makes Jeanie fell terrible for every mistake she makes. This results in violence.When Jeanie makes a mistake in the store, Joe feels he needs to put Jeanie in her place by beating her in front of all the townsmen. After being abused once before, she maintained her emotions and was silent, but this time Jeanie retaliates. Deep down inside she is getting revenge on her father and grandfather. She eels how her mother and grandmother felt when they were disrespected, but at a lesser level. Wanting to avenge Nanny and Leafy, Jeanie fights back by striping away his manliness. Even being indirectly traumatized by sexual abuse has scarred Jeanie.Just by knowing that her mother and Nanny were taken advantage of hurts her deep inside. Coming into the world being a child of violenc e is mortifying. Especially, being abandoned by her mother and realizing that she never wanted Jeanie to begin with, makes one feel that they don't deserve a place in this world. When not even the mother of the child can love them, who else can? These thoughts must have run through Janis mind a million times. Fortunately for Jeanie, Nanny did not want the family cycle of rape and abuse to continue throughout her generation.Nanny truly makes the difference, causing the cycle to break. Eventually Joe dies and Jeanie is on her own. Meeting a younger man, Tea Cake, she falls in love. First being loving and passionate, the relationship turns abusive as Tea Cake takes his anger out on Jeanie. She does not completely break the cycle of abuse. This time, Jeanie does nothing. She does not fight back at all. It is not that Jeanie could not fight back. She really trusted Tea Cake o love and protect her. When she gets hit she receives an overwhelming sense of betrayal and shock (Kessler).It was truly heartbreaking. Fighting back could even make thing worse and make Tea Cake even more aggressive. Jeanie was so deeply in love that she couldn't leave. Even if she wanted to, she would have nowhere to go. In many cases when the woman tries to leave, the man becomes even angrier and would threaten them (Kessler). Resisting the control Of the abuser only seems to make matters worse. Just like Jeanie, many women are physically abused. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence estimates that 1. Million women are victims of physical assault by their partner each year.Nearly eighty five percent of domestic violence victims are women and females between the ages of twenty and twenty-four are at the greatest risk of partner violence. Jeanie was only one of the few women to be assaulted. In the 1 ass's, Genie's time, it was even more likely that women were abused since men had more rights. One of the universal themes of literature is the idea that children suffer because of the mistakes of an earlier generation. In Genie's case, this was true. Doing everything she could, Nanny tried to mold a safe world for Jeanie.

Advertising Causes And Effects Essay

Advertisement industries have affected the world for decades up until these days. We can see those flashy, catchy and colorful advertisements everywhere especially through mass media. United States was reported as the largest and creative advertising market in the world. Some people thought that advertising does not affect much on their lifestyles and some would just making assumptions that advertisements can cause negative effects to consumers especially when it is related to the product’s quality. However, we cannot be too judgmental on advertising industries because they have their own benefits. It is very important to take note that advertising does have its own positive side to country’s economy, companies and also society. Firstly, advertising can bring benefits to the economy. This is because, advertising generate more jobs comparing to the others. They offers diversity of careers option like writers, authors, artist, editors and others. According to the World Advertising Federation (WFA), US advertising generate 18.2 million out of the 126.7 million jobs in that country (2008). Besides that, advertising contribute a huge share on the country’s economy. Every advertisement that has been produced, need to pay certain amounts of taxation in order for them to publicize the advertisement to the public. According to the Wall Street Journal, Hungary adopt tax as high as 40% on annual advertising (Feher, 2014). Next, the price of the product will also be reduced through advertising. Most of the companies nowadays are more focusing on the quality of their products instead of gaining profit. One of the strategies that advertisement industries applied in their public relation are by helping the customers to understand more about the products and the company (McNamara, n.d ). Hence, the economy of the country can really be boosts up through advertising. In addition, the society are also affected with the benefits of advertisements. Through advertisements, people can be aware about commercial products and calamities that happened in the world these days. For example, the advertisements that shared on health drinks and toiletry products can generate awareness about health and hygiene to public (Kannan, 2013). Besides, some companies that produce cosmetic products will promote their products by comparing their product and advertise them through mass media.  Consumers would have varieties of options to choose by reading or watching those advertisements since 84 percent of mobile users in Malaysia tend to click on mobile advertisements in order for them to find new products and information (Siti Shameen, 2014). Moreover, people can also express their feeling through advertising. This has seems to be happening in the United States where they allow people to show on their supports regarding the sensitive issues like politics, religion and races. For example, in New York and San Francisco, they have the advertisement that shows Muslims are ‘savages’. (Badger, 2012). Besides, advertisements can also be used to inform public about social events and performances that are going to be held in the future. For instance, the Ad Council, a non- profit organization in the United States had sponsored many public service announcements like their famous ’Loose Lips Sink Ships’ where they run to promote national security during World War II (Morley, 2015). Therefore, advertising brings benefits not only for the consumers but also the society. Next, advertising has made a huge impact on companies. The companies can now create maximal profits through advertising. By having their advertisement airing frequently through pamphlets, mass media and others, they would attract more customers in buying their products. When they are attracted in looking at the advertisements, they would be intimidated in buying the products thus causing the rise of the company’s profit. When the advertisements are being aired through the internet, they would reduce more on their capitals thus, maximizing on their profit (Wright,2015) Besides, advertising also encourage the companies to compete and provide new products. When each of the company produce different types of new products with more improved qualities, the other companies would feel challenged thus producing a better quality of the products. By advertising, it can also improve the company’s public image among the consumer. This is because when a company produce advertisements through mass media, the consumer would assume that the product is quality-proven. It all depends on the company’s decision in conveying the message whether in a good way or the opposite (Thompson, 2014). Thus, advertising contribute to the advantages of the companies. In a nutshell, advertising brings advantages not only for the economy but also to the companies and the consumers. This is because, advertising can bring maximal profits to the company by generating more customers in buying their products. Besides that, the consumers would also have the power to decide which product suits them well through the exposure that they get through advertisements. Next, the country’s economy can also be generate by providing more jobs in the advertisements industries. Therefore, advertisements brings benefits to the world’s economy. 1. Siti Shameen, M.K. (2014).Malaysians love clicking on mobile ads. New Straits Times. p 5. 2. Feher, M. (2011). Hungary adopts tax on advertising revenue. The Wall Street Journal Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/hungaryadoptstaxon advertisingrevenue1402511876

Technology Essays

Technology Essays Technology Essay Technology Essay Technology Makes Life Simpler Technology today is everywhere. It is a need for our lives today. Anyone who is not updated in technology, are left behind. Though it is possible to do things without technology, it is hard or it takes a lot of time to do simple stuff, like making a Powering presentation or milking a cow. Entertainment really makes technology evolve. It makes life simpler. Computer is one of the common types of technology that makes our lives simpler. You can make Powering presentation for students project presentation or office ark. Spreadsheet makes your work easier and more professional. Computer can also makes files and folder for you instead of having a lot of cabinets and papers and you can Just search your files immediately than searching in the cabinet one by one. There are other things that you can do like surfing the web. The internet is one of the most use things in the world. There are many things you can do in the internet, like you can watch a video on how to create a pizza or where is the best place to have a dinner with your date. People are watching their very existence be wiped away and they are too busy watching TV. Many argue that technological advancements are beneficial because they further medical research to find cures for diseases. However, in recent studies obesity has surpassed smoking as the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. The obesity of low income families increased by 400% after being given a computer, TV and car. Their physical activity levels decreased by 31%, with 21% more sitting. Evidently, personal technology makes for a very complacent and lazy society. With being able to finish your homework, talk to a friend, watch a video, even order food, all without having to get out of your chair, the need for physical activity is becoming alarmingly obsolete. People are able to drive cars instead of walking-thanks to technology. People can research things online instead of having to go to the library-thanks to technology. People can sit and watch thousands of shows to entertain themselves instead of going outside and playing sports-thanks to technology. Isnt It ironic how technology is helping solve health Issues, yet promoting them at the same time? Although technology yields many benefits, there are major repercussions to suffer if we become too dependent. With the ease of talking friends and playing games online, a virtual reality is created that allows the user to immerse themselves in a world that isolates them from society. The lure of endless websites, social networks to update and videos to watch prevent students from wanting to spend time outside or with their family and friends. The television eliminates the need for relationships. This overuse and dependence is no different than that of a drug addict. Addicts are looked down upon in society with pity or not having the will power to stop or ability to see how their addiction is ruining their lives, but really how different is society with personal technology? After being provided a solution for a problem we never had, in a couple months we immediately think we cannot live without it. How long was it until we realized smoking was bad? It was okay back then because everyone did it. How long will it be until society realizes the detrimental effect technology has on themselves? We are a species mean to evolve, we are human. But with every new gadget that is innovated, we are pulled rather and further away from our humanly culture. The heavily growing independence shrinks brain capacities, contributes to obesity and isolates people from interaction. The need for calculating, and physical movement will soon become obsolete. Do we have the power to refrain from personal technology before it ruins us? Or will we be unable to function without phones, computers or cars? It is time for us to turn off our computers, phones, cars and TVs and unplug, or else we will continue to fuel the demutualization of society and irreversibly evolve into the robotic, technological age.

law respecting

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The establishment clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one religion to another. It enforces the "separation of church and state". The free exercise clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a person's practice of their religion. In determining weather the a governmental practice is violate the First Amendment Establishment Clause, the Courts have developed the "Lemon Test." The Lemon Test organized in the Court's 1971 Lemon v. Kurtzman, is a three-pronged inquiry: 1) Does the challenged legislation or activities have a legitimate secular purpose? 2) Does the legislation or activity have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion? and 3) Does the legislation or activity excessively entangle government with religion? Several cases that demonstrate the use of the Lemon Test are Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District argued February 24, 1993 Decided June 18, 1993. The issued raised was whether the State may refuse to pay for a deaf child's sign language interpreter in a parochial school. The school district has successfully argued in the U.S. District Court and in the U.S. Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) that permitting a government-funded interpreter to work in a Catholic school would have the primary effect of advancing religion by constituting public aid to a religious institution, which violates the effects prong of the Lemon test. It was also held that paying for the sign language interpreter in a Catholic school would create, in the eyes of Zobrest's Cath

How Quantum Computers Work

How Quantum Computers Work A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers have been built on a small scale and work continues to upgrade them to more practical models. How Computers Work Computers function by storing data in a binary number format, which result in a series of 1s 0s retained in electronic components such as transistors. Each component of computer memory is called a bit and can be manipulated through the steps of Boolean logic so that the bits change, based upon the algorithms applied by the computer program, between the 1 and 0 modes (sometimes referred to as on and off). How a Quantum Computer Would Work A quantum computer, on the other hand, would store information as either a 1, 0, or a quantum superposition of the two states. Such a quantum bit allows for far greater flexibility than the binary system. Specifically, a quantum computer would be able to perform calculations on a far greater order of magnitude than traditional computers ... a concept which has serious concerns and applications in the realm of cryptography encryption. Some fear that a successful practical quantum computer would devastate the worlds financial system by ripping through their computer security encryptions, which are based on factoring large numbers that literally cannot be cracked by traditional computers within the lifespan of the universe. A quantum computer, on the other hand, could factor the numbers in a reasonable period of time. To understand how this speeds things up, consider this example. If the qubit is in a superposition of the 1 state and the 0 state, and it performed a calculation with another qubit in the same superposition, then one calculation actually obtains 4 results: a 1/1 result, a 1/0 result, a 0/1 result, and a 0/0 result. This is a result of the mathematics applied to a quantum system when in a state of decoherence, which lasts while it is in a superposition of states until it collapses down into one state. The ability of a quantum computer to perform multiple computations simultaneously (or in parallel, in computer terms) is called quantum parallelism. The exact physical mechanism at work within the quantum computer is somewhat theoretically complex and intuitively disturbing. Generally, it is explained in terms of the multi-world interpretation of quantum physics, wherein the computer performs calculations not only in our universe but also in other universes simultaneously, while the various qubits are in a state of quantum decoherence. While this sounds far-fetched, the multi-world interpretation has been shown to make predictions which match experimental results. History of Quantum Computing Quantum computing tends to trace its roots back to a 1959 speech by Richard P. Feynman in which he spoke about the effects of miniaturization, including the idea of exploiting quantum effects to create more powerful computers. This speech is also generally considered the starting point of nanotechnology. Of course, before the quantum effects of computing could be realized, scientists and engineers had to more fully develop the technology of traditional computers. This is why, for many years, there was little direct progress, nor even interest, in the idea of making Feynmans suggestions into reality. In 1985, the idea of quantum logic gates was put forth by the University of Oxfords David Deutsch, as a means of harnessing the quantum realm inside a computer. In fact, Deutschs paper on the subject showed that any physical process could be modeled by a quantum computer. Nearly a decade later, in 1994, ATTs Peter Shor devised an algorithm that could use only 6 qubits to perform some basic factorizations ... more cubits the more complex the numbers requiring factorization became, of course. A handful of quantum computers has been built. The first, a 2-qubit quantum computer in 1998, could perform trivial calculations before losing decoherence after a few nanoseconds. In 2000, teams successfully built both a 4-qubit and a 7-qubit quantum computer. Research on the subject is still very active, although some physicists and engineers express concerns over the difficulties involved in upscaling these experiments to full-scale computing systems. Still, the success of these initial steps does show that the fundamental theory is sound. Difficulties With Quantum Computers The quantum computers main drawback is the same as its strength: quantum decoherence. The qubit calculations are performed while the quantum wave function is in a state of superposition between states, which is what allows it to perform the calculations using both 1 0 states simultaneously. However, when a measurement of any type is made to a quantum system, decoherence breaks down and the wave function collapses into a single state. Therefore, the computer has to somehow continue making these calculations without having any measurements made until the proper time, when it can then drop out of the quantum state, have a measurement taken to read its result, which then gets passed on to the rest of the system. The physical requirements of manipulating a system on this scale are considerable, touching on the realms of superconductors, nanotechnology, and quantum electronics, as well as others. Each of these is itself a sophisticated field which is still being fully developed, so trying to merge them all together into a functional quantum computer is a task which I dont particularly envy anyone ... except for the person who finally succeeds.

Development of a Conference Centre in London Essay

Development of a Conference Centre in London - Essay Example Several changes over the past 20 years have made London a fitting venue for international conferences and their development is the subject of this paper. Among these changes are the globalisation of economic sectors, the dominance of the finance and business sectors, interlinked with advances in technology; increased inter-relationship between major economies, internationalisation of investment and trade, developments in telecommunications and transport which has shrunk distances between people, markets, and business decision makers; movement of people across borders with their fresh ideas, new cultures, enhanced skills and access to new markets; growth of incomes and wealth with particularly strong demand for leisure and tourism activities; and the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games that will be hosted by the city of London. Greater London, the administrative subdivision of London, England covers the City of London including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and 32 London boroughs: City of Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham, Wandsworth, Lambeth, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Islington, Camden, Brent, Ealing, Hounslow, Richmond upon Thames, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton, Croydon, Bromley, Lewisham, Greenwich, Bexley, Havering, Barking and Dagenham, Redbridge, Newham, Waltham Forest, Haringey, Enfield, Barnet, Harrow, and Hillingdon. As of mid-2006, the population of Greater London was at 7,512,400 official residents in an area of 1,579 square kilometers (Reference.com, 2008). According to Yell Limited (2008), there are over 300 conference facilities and services providers in London. This makes it seem like developing a new conference centre within the area would face tough competition. The objective of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the macro-environmental factors which come into play when planning for the development of a conference center, specifically within the Greater London area. Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological which describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is part of the analysis of the external environment which helps in understanding market growth or decline, business position, and potential and/or direction for operations. Political factors include political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, trade regulations and tariffs, anti-trust laws, pricing regulations, taxation, wage legislation, work week, mandatory employee benefits, industrial safety regulations and the like. Economic factors include type of economic system, government intervention in the free market, exchange rates and stability of currency, efficiency of financial markets, quality of infrastructure, skill level of workforce, labor costs, economic growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, interest rates and the like. Social factors include demogr aphics, class structure, education, culture and gender roles, environmental consciousness, leisure interests and the like. Technology factors include technology developments and impact of technology on the business (NetMBA, 2007). Politically and economically speaking, London is very politically and economically stable. This is evidenced by the fact that London is a major centre for international

What is the difference between government and governance Essay

What is the difference between government and governance - Essay Example The concept of governance has become prominent in the last decade, and it is considered as the modern political scenario. The notion governance covers a broad range of meanings. One of its very important scopes is the idea that, differing to the classic forms of ‘government’, modern governance is not limited to the national boarders and is not the region of professional politicians. It refers to models of decision-making, taking place in a larger set of institutions, with a broader range of performers and practices. One of the main objectives of those who preserve this new thought is indeed to enlarge the established notion of public contribution beyond the well recognized and constantly waning events of representative democracy. This most likely explains why the concept has found a favourable ground in non state polities such as the European Union. Within this kind of multi-layered polities, electoral systems only play a limited role. The European Parliament has been el ected by universal right of voting since 1979. The Council of Ministers and the European Council are not affected by European elections, and the composition of the Commission is only dependent on the results of these international elections. In this institutional system, where autonomy is pooled and accountability remains divided (Peterson, 1997), elections can not ‘throw the scoundrels out’ (Weiler, 1999). As it does not correspond to the methods of participation and accountability with which citizens are familiar, the EU is often said to suffer from an cordial ‘democratic deficit’, and its constitutional reform is the entity of a permanent debate. Improving its governance is one of the approaches recently suggested to face this major limit of European integration (Magnette, 2003). The earlier thought that national governments are the key actors in public policy and that they are able to power the economy and

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Finance - Essay Example The map displayed above marks those areas of the globe in ‘gold’ that still practice the use of pesos today. The Peso had been the official currency of the Republic of Columbia since 1837, when it replaced the ‘real’ at the rate of 1 peso = 8 reales. However, just a decade later, the Colombian peso was decimalized so that 1 peso could now be exchanged for 10 reales. According to the standards set by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) for defining the names of currencies, it is abbreviated as COP. Although officially it is denominated in $, the standard abbreviation of the currency among the nationals is Col $. The Republic of Colombia, with a total area of 1,138,910 square kilometers, is the fifth largest of all the Latin American nations and is about one-ninth the size of USA. As is evident from the displayed map, the country is largely surrounded by Venezuela and Brazil in the east, Ecuador and Peru in the south, Panama and the Caribbean Sea in the north and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Being a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the country is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. A densely populated nation, with a population of nearly 45 million – the 29th largest in the world, the country also has a long history of being one of the most lagging nations in the world in terms of poverty. Colombia is basically an agro-based economy with an abundance of the fertile volcanic soil, tropical forests occupying almost half of the land area in the country and supply of cheap labor. Moreover, the tropical climate in the region is also appropriate for agricultural production. The p rofusion of inexpensive labor and huge agricultural production has flourished agro-based industries in the nation. These industries are largely concentrated around the processing of agricultural, mineral, and forest products and supplying domestic consumer demand for goods like machinery, vehicles, tools, building

Access to quality health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Access to quality health care - Essay Example Inequality in health status has plagued the minority population in the United States for more than fifty years. Despite rampant inequalities, there is no single root cause for the disparities. While class differences play a major role in the delivery of health care in the United States, race is also an important issue which needs to be properly explored. Seeking to address the particular health challenges facing African-Americans living in the most prosperous country on the planet, this essay will explore the particular health issues afflicting African-Americans and look at the approaches presently in place to solve the question of persistent health inequality in America today. In the United States, health insurance coverage ensures that there is financial means by which basic health care can be accessed (Paulin and Dietz, 1995). Individual comprehensive health insurance plans depend on an individuals’ age, level of employment, residency, and race/ethnicity. Studies have shown that African-Americans do not receive the same care even if they have the same government funded insurance as their white counterparts, such as Medicare. For example, in a study conducted by the Brown and Harvard Medical Schools, researchers found that there were significant racial disparities within Medicare plans. In addition, they found that the quality of care was a factor concerning race and ethnicity among Medicare beneficiaries. This suggests that in addition to access to care, quality of care is different among ethnic groups. To this extent, racial difference in coverage may influence health disparities and inequities within the healthcare system (Williams J., 2005). Medicare is a federal government funded insurance program for disabled young adults, persons above the age of 65, and those with permanent disabilities who become eligible for Social Security. A

International Relations...Political Science Essay

International Relations...Political Science - Essay Example As a result the USA and the Soviet Union were left as the world’s only superpowers. The Cold War would result from the rivalry of these superpowers, and only ended shortly before the demise of the Soviet Union itself. Since the end of the Cold War there has been many debates about the position of the USA as the only superpower, as well as whether it is waxing and waning as an empire. There were various military, political, ideological and economic causes for the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union as well as their respective allies. The remarkable feat was that the USA and the Soviet Union had been allies alongside Britain in the first place. Neither power had been in the Second World War from the start, nor would they have become involved without being attacked by Germany and Japan respectively. The Soviet Union had done the bulk of the fighting against Germany, whilst the USA had defeated Japan virtually single-handed. The conferences at Yalta and Potsdam were meant to regulate the post-war world and it was hoped that the relationships between the wartime allies would remain good. The Soviet Union expected to be able to do what it liked in Central and Eastern Europe whilst the USA with Britain believed that those countries would be free to decide their own futures. The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin never had any intention of that happening, by 1948 all the states of Central and Eastern Europe were under communist control, with the Soviet army having a presence in all of those countries, apart from Yugoslavia and Albania. The USA and the governments of Western European countries feared that the Soviet Union wanted to advance further west. Conversely the Soviet Union feared that the Americans wished to end Soviet hegemony over Central and Eastern Europe. Mutual fears and misunderstandings definitely contributed to the onset of the Cold War, with the USA fearing the Soviet Union’s

Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company - Assignment Example The group sales of the company were $70.9 billion in 2014 (Tesco PLC, 2014). However, the overall growth of sales was only 0.3%. The global financial crisis of 2008 has done considerable damages to the grocery and retail industry of the U.K. Tesco had the highest market share of 31.7% in 2007 which had significantly shrunk to 28.7% in 2014 (Wood, 2014). The emergence of competitors like Waitrose, Aldi and Lidl has adversely affected the market share of Tesco as they began to provide heavy discounts to consumers. A slow growth of economy combined with declining disposable income had been driving customers away from Tesco. Originally developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992 cited in Kaplan and Norton, 2001), this approach has soon become an important tool to measure organizational performance. This approach goes beyond the traditional measures of financial performance and includes three other critical performance indicators which can measure the effectiveness of an organizational performance namely customer perspective, internal organizational perspective and innovation and learning perspective (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Empirical evidence shows that a number of successful transnational companies in diverse industries are using the balanced scorecard approach in order to improve their performance. For instance, Hilton Group in the hospitality industry, Wal-Mart in the retail industry and Toyota in the automobile industry are already using this approach for gaining competitive edge over their rivals (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Overall 57% of global companies have adopted this approach based on the value that they add to the business (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2014). Tesco has been struggling with dwindling sales recently. In the third quarter of 2014, the sales of the company had fallen by 3.7% while the annual profit of the company had fallen by 6% (Wood, 2014). In this scenario there are two options

International Relations...Political Science Essay

International Relations...Political Science - Essay Example As a result the USA and the Soviet Union were left as the world’s only superpowers. The Cold War would result from the rivalry of these superpowers, and only ended shortly before the demise of the Soviet Union itself. Since the end of the Cold War there has been many debates about the position of the USA as the only superpower, as well as whether it is waxing and waning as an empire. There were various military, political, ideological and economic causes for the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union as well as their respective allies. The remarkable feat was that the USA and the Soviet Union had been allies alongside Britain in the first place. Neither power had been in the Second World War from the start, nor would they have become involved without being attacked by Germany and Japan respectively. The Soviet Union had done the bulk of the fighting against Germany, whilst the USA had defeated Japan virtually single-handed. The conferences at Yalta and Potsdam were meant to regulate the post-war world and it was hoped that the relationships between the wartime allies would remain good. The Soviet Union expected to be able to do what it liked in Central and Eastern Europe whilst the USA with Britain believed that those countries would be free to decide their own futures. The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin never had any intention of that happening, by 1948 all the states of Central and Eastern Europe were under communist control, with the Soviet army having a presence in all of those countries, apart from Yugoslavia and Albania. The USA and the governments of Western European countries feared that the Soviet Union wanted to advance further west. Conversely the Soviet Union feared that the Americans wished to end Soviet hegemony over Central and Eastern Europe. Mutual fears and misunderstandings definitely contributed to the onset of the Cold War, with the USA fearing the Soviet Union’s

Four questions - short essay style Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Four questions - short style - Essay Example IMC is meant to maintain a proper and coherent communication relation as one of the most important basic principles of IMC is to ensure ‘consistency’ in messages being communicated. IMC is not only a careful coordination of some or all promotional messages such as personal selling, advertisement, sales promotion, sponsorship etc, but also a very strategic tool to ensure consistency in each and every contacts between the firm its stakeholders including management, employees and customers. As some literatures noted, IMC’s philosophy advocates that there should be a proper coordination in messaging so as to ensure that IMC facilitate multiple messaging with a single voice (Shimp, 2008). Marketing communication is a process of exchanging facts, ideas, opinions, emotions etc about the brand or the firm that are important for the marketer to impact customers’ behaviour and attitudes. An important principle of IMC suggests that marketing communication should not only influence customers’ awareness about brand, but also should encourage them to respond to the desired action. If IMC’s specific goal is to improve word-of-mouth, the messages should be able to affect customers’ positive talk about the brand. Assessing what present and future customers want and need and what can satisfy them is a critically important requirement in marketing. A firm is not supposed to offer to its customers a product or service that it simply wants to produce or provide, but rather, it should see what its customers want now and in future and then to design and develop products or services accordingly. Marketing orientation is a process of organization-wide generation of market intelligence pertaining to current and future customers’ needs and wants. There are basically three dimensions in marketing orientation- They are:- For example, the marketer of a computer manufacturing firm needs to foresee

I Never Worry About the Future Essay Example for Free

I Never Worry About the Future Essay Albert Einstein Some people are trying to live a carefree life, they say that they ‘’go with the flow’’ and are not preoccupied with the future. Others think about tomorrow and the day after it so much they are constantly under stress. So which is better, to worry or not to worry about the days which are ahead of us? Planning our days in advanced is somehow necessary these days. Our world is spinning so fast that one has to know what he is doing or he ends up doing nothing. Good example of that is choosing which school or even more important, which university to enrol in. When doing that we have to consider our interests as well as which occupations can our future degree provide us. When enrolled into a school we have to study in order to have good grades or we just might not end up having expected degree and doing the job we wanted. Therefore thinking about future is good when it keeps us trying hard to achieve our goals. On the other hand being concerned about what might happen has bad affects on our health and attitude. Few days before the exam of which results may have an impact on their future, some people are so worried that their immune system does not function as it should and they become ill. What is more, stress can also enable their abilities to learn and concentrate. And last but not least because of constantly worrying those people can express their frustrations with yelling on others and their relationship with them can get worse. To conclude I would like to state that thinking and worrying about the future is something that we all do, some less, others more. The important thing is that worries do not affect on our lives so much that we cannot enjoy the moment we are living in but are still present enough to force us try and make our dreams come true.

Sense of Self: Schizophrenia and I Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pa

Sense of Self: Schizophrenia and I In 1911, a Swiss psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia." It originated from the Greek words, schizo, which translates to "split" and phrenia, meaning "mind." When Bleuler conveyed the meaning of this term, it was not to label a person as a "split personality," but rather as a split between what is believed, what is perceived, and what is objectively real (1). Throughout history, the disorder has been confused and misunderstood by the general public. The idea of "split" has led people to equate schizophrenia with multiple personality disorder which is a psychiatric condition that is different and much less common. Bleuler did not want to label schizophrenia as the disorder where a person is split into two personalities; instead he wanted to explain that in schizophrenia, there is a splitting away of the personality from reality. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people at different stages in their lives and is very difficult to diagnose. It has many symptoms that typically begin to appear around age 18-30 (2). Signs of Schizophrenia can be misread and sometimes overlooked due to the amount of other disorders that share many of the symptoms. Autism is one example. Symptoms can be classified into "negative" and "positive." Negative symptoms could be seen as those that are absent but should be present. Examples of negative symptoms include lack of motivation or apathy, blunted feelings, depression, and social withdrawal (1). Positive symptoms are those that should be present but are absent. Some examples of positive symptoms are hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and an altered sense of self (1). It is thought that hallucinations are the... ...eflects their "character" and stands for the thing that makes a person "complete" and "separate," then does that mean that a person feels that who they are has changed when they have this disorder? This question leads to the way that this disorder alters one's "sense of self," by making the individual and those who are close to him or her question the one thing that makes each person unique, their self. WWW Sources and Other Sources 1)Schizophrenia http://www.mentalhealth.com/book/p40-sc01.html#Head_4 2)Schizophrenia http://www.bixler.com/ 3)Flexner, Stuart Berg. The Random House Dictionary: Concise Edition. New York: Random House, 1980. 4)Schizophrenia http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-sc05.html 5) C-Sections Urged for Schizophrenia -prone Mothers http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-sc03.html 6)Schizophrenia http://www.bixler.com/

A Critical Evaluation of Charles De Gaulles Handling of the Algerian Insurrection :: European Europe History

A Critical Evaluation of Charles De Gaulle's Handling of the Algerian Insurrection The 1950s was not a particularly good decade for France. The Fourth Republic, which had been established in the aftermath of the Second World War, remained unstable and lurched from crisis to crisis. Between 1946 and 1954, there had been a war in French Indo-China, between a nationalist force under Ho Chi Minh and the French. The war was long and bitter and towards the end, the French suffered the ignominy of losing the major fortress of Dien Bien Phu to the guerrillas on 7 May 1954. An armistice was sought with Ho Chi Minh, and the nations of North and South Vietnam emerged from the ashes of the colony. It is entirely likely that the success of the guerrillas influenced the Algerian insurrectionists, the National Liberation Front(FLN), in tactics and in the idea that the time was ripe to strike. It is clear that the FLN employed similar methods to those developed by the nationalists under Ho Chi Minh.1 For several months, France was at peace. The insurrection began on 1 November 1954. The insurrection precipitated the fall of the Fourth Republic. Charles de Gaulle, hero of the Second World War, became President of France in 1958, and was intent on securing a political solution to the insurrection, rather than one based on force. His efforts were largely successful in avoiding a civil war in France, and ending the insurgency - although it took four years to do so. It has been estimated that more than a million Algerians died in the insurrection.2 Before 1954, Algeria was not considered to be a French colony - rather it was seen as an integral part of France. The region was composed of departments, like those of the mainland. There were over a million white French nationals living in Algeria at the time and around eight million Muslims.3 This was a greater proportion of French nationals than in the other major North African colonies of France - Morocco, and Tunisia.4 Although there were benefits to remaining with France, the colonial administration was heavily weighed against the Muslims - particularly with regards to voting rights. In 1936, for instance, the Popular Front Government of Blum introduced legislation to the Assembly proposing to extend French citizenship to over twenty thousand Algerian Muslims.5 The initiative failed when all the European mayors of Algerian towns resigned in protest.

Discuss the Extent to Which a Vegetarian Diet Is Healthy

Discuss the extent to which a vegetarian diet is healthy. To say till what extent a vegetarian diet Is healthy. First of all need to understand what vegetarian diet is and what is mean to be healthy. Among the areas of non-traditional food, vegetarian diet is one of the oldest and most common. Vegetarianism – is an ancient healing nutrition system, which has a deep philosophical meaning, and assuming certain lifestyle.Healthy meaner – a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. However, to adhere vegetarian diet have both positive and negative sides. Mainly, vegetarian diet negatively affect oldest people. Firstly, how healthy vegetarian diet is depends only on the scale of vegetarianism. Vegetarians refusing meat and all animals products, are highly at risk of vitamin B-1 2 deficiency, especially additives are necessary for females during pregnancy and for child of vegans.On the other hand, locator-vivo- vegetarians have no nutrition risk. They don't get ham iron from meat, however they insensate It with consumption of non-ham Iron from ascorbic acid (Thronged et al 1994). Generally, refusing to meat, decrease possibility to obtain coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity and conceivably even some cancers. Secondly, scientific studies have established that people who support vegetarianism are lighter in weight than their meat-eating opponents. The distinction of 1 unit of IBM was found by the EPIC study in the Oxford cohort (Spencer et al 2003).Furthermore, lower IBM decrease rate of type 2 diabetes and gallstones. In opposition, DIM start decrease rapidly over the age 60 in vegetarians and mainly in vegans, which leads to complication to control muscle mass. According to this, old vegans suffer from respiratory disorders which Influence high mortality among them. Nonetheless, the positive side of lower IBM shows in younger persons, what helps them in lifestyle move faster and be more flexible. Finally, the consumption of meat usually relates with saturated fat, when plant protein is commonly associated with fiber.To be healthy, in all ages, vegans should obtain recommended amount of protein and energy, arguments was presented by national and international recommendation for protein intake by Langley (1995). Adding to this, exceeding daily rate of energy and protein may result health adverse circumstance such as COD_ To reduce risk of CHOC, simply lifestyle changes should be made such as being physically active, eating healthy not saturated fat food and have a balanced diet. Moreover, there are some other benefits to keep your health e. G. Reduce risk of stroke and dementia.Taking everything Into account, vegetarian diet revised a plenty evidence which be able to increase your resistance to different sort of diseases, also prevent from obesity and deadly illness. In my opinion follow vegetarian diet and exclude meat from dally ration In some case brings many profits to your body and health. But, not all sort of people can stand by vegetarian diet or become vegans, in each case there is an exception such as pregnant women and old people that may adversely attest their health, and bring even more harm to their body.

Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau Essay

Henry David Thoreau was little known outside his hometown of Concord, Massachusetts, where he was much admired for his passionate stance on social issues, his deep knowledge of natural history, and the originality of his lectures, essays, and books. He was also maligned as a crank and malingerer who never held a steady job and whose philosophy was but a pale imitation of Ralph Waldo Emerson ‘s. Thoreau was a man of ideas who struggled all his life to create a path that would refuse compromise. â€Å"All his activities–teaching, pencil-making, surveying, and, above all, writing–were grounded in his faith in a higher moral law that could be discovered and practiced through the unremitting discipline of living ever in the present moment† (Walls 1). For Thoreau this belief meant living â€Å"in each season as it passes,† fully attuned to the rhythms and phenomena of nature. His art, as it matured, became a way both to keep his own perceptions alert to all the potential of the present and to incite his readers to discover their own mode of attentiveness to life beyond the â€Å"mud and slush of opinion.† â€Å"In the century after his death, the admiration of his few followers snowballed, and he is now recognized as one of the greatest writers in the United States† (Walls 1). After presentation at the Concord Lyceum on January 26, 1848, Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† was published the following spring in Aesthetic Papers, edited by Elizabeth Peabody. â€Å"The title â€Å"Civil Disobedience† was first attached to a reprint of essay after Thoreau’s death, and although it is the more widely known title, it does not reflect the author’s intention† (crf-usa.org). That Thoreau’s text is an explicit refutation of William Paley’s essay on â€Å"The Duty of Submission t o Civil Government† is emphasized not only by the original title but by the author’s citation of Paley in the text. â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† is a highly polemical piece, aiming to move the reader to more than mere aesthetic or moral appreciation: it contains a clear call to action in the service of principle, and indeed argues that mere conviction without action is worthless. The contemporary issues that engaged Thoreau’s moral outrage at the time were American military aggression in Mexico and the legality of slavery in the United States. In seeking a way for the conscientious individual to deal with such issues, Thoreau offers a meditation on timeless and absolute principles  that, he feels, should guide the moral person. The substance of the author’s argument is that each person has a duty to follow conscience rather than law when the two are in conflict, and further has a duty to oppose unjust laws by taking action against them. This book, or rather pamphlet, thus had its decisive place in the greatest revolution of modern times, and in the mind of one of th e half-dozen supreme historical figures of all times. Gandhi extended and deepened Thoreau’s gospel into the potent weapon of soul-force, which achieved Indian independence. He made it not the lone protest against tyranny of the single individual, but the massed revolt of disciplined multitudes of men. But the seed was of Thoreau’s planting (Holmes 1). The argument is developed through a set of assertions describing the individual’s relation to the state in terms of mutually exclusive oppositions. One of the main sets of contrasting terms is principle or conscience opposed to expediency. â€Å"Thoreau repeatedly characterizes government as operating according to expediency, whereas the individual citizen is capable of acting according to a higher principle, that of morality or conscience† (Cain 14). In advising that the individual has not merely the right but the duty to resist unjust laws, Thoreau postulates a higher, spiritual, law that supersedes civil or constitutional law. â€Å"Conscience instructs the individual in this higher law, according to Thoreau, and must be obeyed even at the cost of sacrificing material possessions or liberty† (Jaskoski 1). Underlying and supporting this abstract opposition of conscience versus expediency is a metaphor that repeatedly characterizes the individual as animate and the state as inanimate. Thoreau’s consistent figure for government or the state is a machine, while the citizen is always a living being. The trope supports the contention explicitly stated in Thoreau’s argument that the individual is superior to the state both in moral character and in actual strength. The individual who has the courage to act on principle can overcome the tyranny of the majority. At the heart of the essay is an anecdote Thoreau relates of his own experience in resisting the state. About two-thirds of the way through his discussion he narrates a brief account of his arrest and night spent in Concord jail because of his refusal to pay a poll tax. Thoreau felt that the tax supported armed aggression in Mexico and followed his conscience in refusing to pay it. â€Å"He was arrested but spent only a s ingle  night in jail, as another person (who has never been definitively identified) paid the tax for him and secured his release (Walls 1). The anecdote does not dwell on the details of Thoreau’s arrest nor the actual refusal to the tax collector, but rather on the memorable night spent in the jail. The experience was not particularly unpleasant: his cellmate was affable and kind, the quarters were spartan but clean, and the ambience seems to have been that of a family visit almost as much as an incarceration (Jaskoski 1). During the night, Thoreau relates, his mind was given over to a rather extravagant flight of fancy, in which he imagined himself in a medieval lock-up, and the town of Concord a village on the Rhine peopled with knights and burghers. The experience also afforded him a paradoxical, unprecedented intimacy with the town, as he was made an involuntary eavesdropper on all the business in the kitchen of the inn next door to the jail. This new view of his townspeople contrasts with the narrator’s attitude in the first part of the essay, in which Thoreau sets the conscientious person apart from the â€Å"mass of men† who share the inanimacy of the state they compliantly serve: the majority are â€Å"wooden men† who serve the state â€Å"as machines† with their bodies only, as contrasted with the man of character who lives a spiritual life. After his night in jail, Thoreau offers a mellower view of his neighbors, along with a more optimistic vision of the possibilities of government. â€Å"Whereas the opening paragraphs of the essay contain the famous dictums regarding the superiority of no government at all to an improved government, at the end of the essay, after telling the story of his night in jail, the author resumes his argument but allows for a vision of an ideal state, supportive of the highest aspirations of its citizens† (Holmes 1). â€Å"Resistance to Civil Governmentà ¢â‚¬  draws on several sources in Thoreau’s reading and in turn has been influential on following thinkers. The Bible, of course, is an inspiration for this New England heir of the puritans. There is also a suggestion that Thoreau developed the idea of a higher law with superior claims on conscience from his reading of Sophocles’ play Antigone, in which the heroine resists the law of the land and obeys the command of the gods to bury her traitorous brother in opposition to the authority of the state (Jaskoski 1). Thoreau also quotes Confucius in his essay and, like fellow transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson, was influenced by the spirituality of Eastern thought. A  series of important writers and activists have been influenced by â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government,† applying its principles to similar situations. Notable among these are Gandhi, who first read the essay while a young man in South Africa and who published an analysis of it early in his career, and Martin Luther King, Jr., who drew on both Thoreau and Gandhi in developing principles of nonviolent resistance to unjust laws. In the century that has passed since the publication of â€Å"Civ il Disobedience,† conditions of life have vastly changed. Especially has government been transformed, or rather the relation of government to its citizens. â€Å"Democracy at the start meant deliverance from the undue intrusion of society upon the individual† (Cain 11). This was freedom! Thoreau dramatized the idea in his retreat to Walden. But today we think of democracy in terms of cooperation–the joining together of many free men in some common enterprise for the common good. â€Å"Society enters into the lives of men in a way and to a degree which would horrify Thoreau were he still alive. We justify this change of relationship between man and the state by emphasizing that government in this new function is accepted not as a rod to subdue the people, but as an instrument to equip them for the work they have to do together (Holmes 1). Government in this sense is an indispensable tool to achieve for society as a whole what could be done by no one man or group of men. But in this very process, government takes on power, and is thus ever tempted to use this power at the expense of the people and in its own corporate inter est. Bureaucracy, red tape, rule from above rather than from below, dictatorship, tyranny–all these are perils in waiting for a socialized democracy. At the end of this dangerous road, in other words, if we take the wrong turn, lies totalitarianism of left or right (Jaskoski 1). In other words, when a sixth of the population of a nation, which has undertaken to be the refuge of liberty, are slaves, and a whole country [Mexico] is unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army, and subjected to military law, I think that it is not too soon for honest men to rebel and revolutionize. Thoreau argued that the government must end its unjust actions to earn the right to collect taxes from its citizens. As long as the government commits unjust actions, he continued, conscientious individuals must choose whether to pay their taxes or to refuse to pay them and defy the government (crf-usa.org). Thoreau declared that if the government required  people to participate in injustice by obeying â€Å"unjust laws,† then people should â€Å"break the laws† even if they ended up in prison. â€Å"Under a government which imprisons any unjustly,† he asserted, â€Å"the true place for a just man is also a prison.† By not paying his taxes, Thoreau explained, he was refusing his allegiance to the government. â€Å"In fact,† he wrote, â€Å"I quietly declare war with the State†¦.† Unlike some later advocates of civil disobedience like Martin Luther King, Thoreau did not rule out using violence against an unjust government. â€Å"In 1859, Thoreau defended John Brown’s bloody attack on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, during his failed attempt to spark a slave revolt† (Walls 1). It is this fact, now inwrought in a world situation, which makes the revival of Thoreau’s essay so timely. Woe to the soci ety which forgets that the state was made for man, and not man for the state (Jaskoski 1). And double and treble woe to the society which no longer breeds men to rise up, at the cost of their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor, to resent and rebel against any attempt to subordinate them as individuals to the dominance of the state! The individual must at all times and in all places be the very core of social being. â€Å"This is the principle which is in such danger at the present hour. We thought that we had won the battle for liberty. But this ideal was never as firmly established in men’s minds as we had so fondly imagined. The blast of war has shaken it loose, and in some cases swept it away. We must build anew the rights of man. And in this task there can be no more useful aid than Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience.†Ã¢â‚¬  (crf-usa.org). I heartily accept the motto, â€Å"That government is best which governs least†; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all†; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act  through it. â€Å"Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for, in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure (crf-usa.org). This American government–what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves; and, if ever they should use it in earnest as a real one against each other, it will surely split. â€Å"But it is not the less necessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed on, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage† (Cain 24). It is excellent, we must all allow; yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. â€Å"For government is an expedient by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it (crf-usa.org). Trade and commerce, if they were not made of Indian rubber, would never manage to bounce over the obstacles which legislators are continually putting in their way; and, if one were to judge these men wholly by the effects of their actions, and not partly by their intentions, they would deserve to be classed and punished with those mischievous persons who put obstructions on the railroads. To speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it. After all, the practical reason why, when the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. â€Å"But a government in which the majority  rule in all cases cannot be based on justice, even as far as men understand it. Can there not be a government in which majorities do not virtually decide right and wrong, but conscience?–in which majorities decide only those questions to which the rule of expediency is applicable? Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then?† (Thoreau). I think that we should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right. It is truly enough said, that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience. Law never made men a whit more just; and, by means of their respect for it, even the well-disposed are daily made the agents of injustice (Thoreau).

Pre-Linguistic Development Essay

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e.  g. crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e.  g. wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months). As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange. In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. Precursors to Language (Pre-linguistic)| 0-2 months| 2-5 months| 4-8 months| 6-13 months| reflexive crying and vegetative sounds| cooing and laughter| vocal play| babbling – reduplicated – non-reduplicated| (Symbolic) Language| 12-19 months| 14-24 months| 20-30 months| 28-42 months| 34-48 months| 48-60 months| Early One Word Stage(protowords)| Later One Word Stage| Two Word Stage| Three Word Stage| Four Word Stage| Complex Utterance Stage| Table 1. Early Development of Expressive Language.

Social Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Marketing - Essay Example The selling of social issues has become a business that is in the same league as selling soap or automobiles. The concept got its beginnings when Phillip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman pursued the application of marketing technologies to the realm of social issues and coined the term 'social marketing' (Andreasen 2006, p.89). Social marketing is used by organizations to promote a cause, advocate on a political issue, or change the behavior of the public. Because the technique is designed to change peoples' minds and behavior through the use of advertising, it is met with several obstacles. Social marketing faces the task of fulfilling their objective without the transgression of an ethical approach. Social marketing can be used to modify behavior such as the antismoking campaigns that have been launched on behalf of various health organizations. The National Cancer Institute, a government agency, publishes numerous fact sheets on the methods and benefits of smoking cessation (Fact sheets: Tobacco/Smoking cessation). This information is designed to de-market a product by modifying behavior with the goal of decreasing consumption. Social marketing may also be used to change a corporate image by associating the brand with a social issue or cause. This may be seen when a company donates a share of their profits to a social or philanthropic endeavor. In 1999 Mattel partnered with Girls Inc. through an agreement to promote the girls' organization by including brochures in the Barbie packaging. Though the goals of Girls Inc., which promoted feminist empowerment, were contrary to the long standing image of the Barbie doll, Girls Inc. was anxious to reach millions of potential new members. For their part, Mattel wanted to "...create an enhanced, more relevant Barbie brand through an association with a progressive, girl-focused organization" (Marconi 2002, p.187). As more and more products are sold through socially or culturally based advertising, social marketing has moved beyond the traditional arenas of politics and social activism and into commercialism. Trying to change a person's mind or behavior can be difficult at anytime. Trying to sway public opinion or motivate them to action can be extremely challenging. The organization must be open and willing to undergo intense public scrutiny. The public can be a very sophisticated audience and may tire of a message that is overstated or exaggerated. The Department of Homeland Security's terror threat level system was initially designed to maintain awareness among the public of an impending threat. However, its overuse and the public's suspicion about its validity soon rendered it to an irrelevant position. Nancy Reagan's anti-drug campaign that insisted 'Just Say No' was a failure due to oversimplification. Rose (2005, p.169) calls the Reagan marketing scheme an, "example of a strategic communications failure - not just with the wrong messenger for the intended audience, but with a naive, presumably unresearched, if memorable, message". These unrealistic expectations are the result of at tempting to reach a widely diverse audience with a single concise message. Trying to deal with the challenges facing a social marketing campaign requires that ethical issues be thoroughly addressed. The issue of full disclosure can be difficult to define or to measure what information needs to be revealed. Various stakeholders may have different objectives and standards. American Express has been criticized for their participation in the 'Charge for Hunger' campaign and the campaign to raise money for the restoration of the statue of liberty. Critics contended that American Express spent far more money on their own self-promotion about the campaigns than they spent on the actual issue (Andreasen & Drumwright 2000). Though it can also be said that American Express would have spent the money on advertising anyway, the perceived conflict of interest and motivation are ethical issues that must be addressed when social marketing.

What kind of person is Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What kind of person is Hamlet - Essay Example Rather on Hamlet’s part it is more of a strategy than a deliberate crime. Indeed Hamlet’s deception can be justified from a Machiavellian perspective. It is Hamlet’s circumstance that forces him to choose deception as a strategy, which finally leads him to the ultimate truth about the regicide. Indeed Hamlet appears to the victim of circumstances that compels him to play those deceptive roles â€Å"in order to survive, in order to protect himself from the general rottenness, while he tries to sort out how he is to act in a world which he finds so morally unacceptable† (2). His deceptions and lies also turn his nearest ones into his enemies. For an instance he grows animosity with Laertes; his friend and the brother of his beloved Ophelia, with Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, his former school fellow and friend but present enemies. Indeed Hamlet succeeds in overcoming his foes but only at a dreadful cost. Literally Hamlet becomes trapped by his own deception. His deceptive role compels him to refrain from Ophelia’s love, to murder the innocent Polonius by accident, and eventually to loss Ophelia. Since his semi-maniacal behaviors grow suspicion among Claudius and other people of authority, he can be held responsible for the accidental killing of Polonius who attempts to spy on him. For the same reason, he is responsible for making Laertes his enemy and for his own death at Laertes’s hand. To Hamlet, Claudius is a smiling dammed villain, a seducer and a usurper of his right to Denmark’s throne; he is one against whom he has to take revenge. If the supernatural presence of the king’s ghost is expunged from the drama, Hamlet will simply appear to be a skillful deceiver, before the audience, who attempts to find out his father’s killer just because he wants to repair his ego bruised by his mother, Gertrude’s marriage with Claudius. Regarding Hamlet’s morality, Ian Jonston comments that Hamlet is so often

International Business paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business paper - Essay Example Australian newspapers have similarly been blazing on about the changes in the economic policy and big business. The Age reported on February 25th about the Australian clothing company Pacific Brands moving its manufacturing facilities to China (Draper 2009). This has been in line with moves by a range of such businesses in the country deciding to place their facilities in Asia. Brands espoused by the company have been seen to be quintessentially Australian with a large following. This decision has been seen with a reflection of how many other local manufacturers in the food industry and others have slowly been taken over by foreign based companies. However, The Age reports that Pacific Brands, which retains Australian ownership, stresses that it remains very much Australian. Despite its manufacturing facilities now located in Asia and the subsequent layoff of workers in the country, the company's top management is quick to point out that the idea generation and organization will always remain Australian and thus it will not lose its focus towards the country (Draper 2009). In another article, The Canberra Times comments on the possible measures being contemplated by the Government to limit free trade by ranking up tariffs and subsidies (Barnett 2009). This is seen as a possible deterrent to the adverse effects of the international financial crisis and that it would help local businesses to stand up. Globalization is seen by some circles to be blamed for the recession that is leading to layoffs and a drop in production. It is believed that such restrictive measures can be used, despite remaining WTO legal to help the Australian economy. However it is argued that it could potentially be devastating since the country now has a big population and in recent years has been witnessing floods in rural areas and bush fires along with other troubles. It requires the elements of free trade to be present so that cheap imports can be brought in to meet local needs as the local economy may not be as self sufficient as is predicted (Barnett 2009). Question 1 Both these articles can be said to fall into the study of international business. The article by The Age speaks of the move by one Australian company that is typical of the trend being adopted by companies worldwide to find cheaper labor costs and costs of manufacturing to get higher profit margins. This shows the emergence of the global economy that we are witnessing today and the worldwide marketplace such that it is viable for businesses to shift their facilities to different parts of the world as comparative advantage shifts (Hirst 2002). It further has implications for local employment and that in the area to which the company shifts where the company will have to adapt to the local culture and practices in the case of its workforce there. It may further have to deal with exchange rate changes, a possible reliance on hedging techniques and be involved in the foreign exchange market which further links the company with others around the world. The other one by The Canberra Times talks about the Australian government's response to a global financial crisis and the ensuing recession. This is relevant to international bus

Delegating for Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Delegating for Growth - Essay Example They fear loosing status, hence fail to assign high-profile jobs to their staff, and delegation of work is compromised, as the rookie manager is afraid of being resented by his peers (Walker, 2002, p.4). Secondly, rookie managers tend to depend highly on their bosses; this is usually a sign of disaster, since the new mangers will not learn to do his duties on his own. However, setting up brief meetings with their bosses may be of help to the new managers. In addition, lack of confidence contributes to a manager’s failure to inspire their team. These managers face the challenge of addressing their staff members. Other than addressing the problem faced by their staff, they sit back hoping things will improve, whilst the other staff members become frustrated by their lack of actions. Lack of experience from managers compromises the efforts of addressing a problem that is affecting the organization and the team as well (Walker, 2002, p.7). Therefore, there is need to train the roo kie managers on managerial skills so as to ensure that they understand their new roles, hence delivering effectively. Supporting arguments. Delegation of duties is a function of a manager. Walker (p 4) insists that a rookie manager needs to understand that his new role has nothing to do with personal achievement; instead, it entails building his staff members. However, these rookie managers tend to have insecurities especially when assigning duties to their staff members, as they fear that the employees may outdo them. Therefore, managerial skills are very important, as they enable the new managers to understand their roles; these managers need training and coaching to enable them deliver. The new managers need to be trained on how to delegate tasks effectively, hence enabling them to develop talented staffs that are an advantage to the company. Therefore, the managers will not be insecure about assigning duties effectively without prejudice. Supporting the new managers is necessary . When rookie managers are supported by their bosses, work life becomes easier; however, the kind of support given may be at a disadvantage, for instance, heavy reliance on their bosses could render them reluctant. Walker (p5) insists that managers should only consult their bosses on critical issues, but not on the nitty-gritty ones. Brief meetings between the bosses and the managers are necessary, whereby, the new manager can ask questions and receive feedback on the pressing issues. The new manager is then able to organize his thoughts on how to deal with his staff members. In addition, a manager should be capable of projecting confidence to enable him inspire the team members This is due to the rapid changing technology that requires every manager to be updated and capable of dealing with challenging issues; failure to this leads to stress in the place of work. The ability to deal with arising problems by addressing them other than watching and ignoring the situation is paramount for a manager. Employees gain confidence in a manager who addresses the problems affecting them and certainly puts the matter to rest, thus giving employees the will to perform. Bruch & Ghoshal (p5) add that, managers are not expected to do the inevitable; however, focused managers respond immediately to any arising issue that interferes with the organizational goals. It is however important for the managers to adopt managerial skills before being