Develop the film Hot Fuzz (Edgar Wright, 2007) Essay - 1

Develop the film Hot Fuzz (Edgar Wright, 2007) - Essay Example While it contains indistinguishable comedic topics, specialized style and funny savagery to its forerunner, Hot Fuzz turns into a more genuine, unique postliminary. Therefore, it is a much more grounded portion that has now turn into a current benchmark in British comic drama. Directed by Edgar Wright, the film expressed the director’s love for the genre of thriller, regretting that in Britain over the last 30 years, they were not there at all. While mocking numerous films inserting allusions to more than fifty film tapes, creators skillfully blended a variety of genres - police thriller, detective, romance, action and comedy. The film is replete with derision of various clichà ©s. This is probably its most important advantage that certainly does not mean that it is the only one, but that is what keeps on all the action and all the dialogue, in addition to the chic of acting without exception. The main characters of Pegg and Frost, the main villain, Timothy Dalton, bad and ironic rural police, the sheriff, the father of the hero Frost, and even the saleswoman colors - all played exactly what was required of them the absurdity of the film. Hot Fuzz rejoined Simon Pegg and the director Edgar Wright in a satire film. Pegg plays straight-bound police officer Nicholas Angel, who is elevated to sergeant and sent from London to the lethargic Gloucestershire town of Sandford in light of the fact that his hard working attitude was showing up whatever is left of the police. The plot is not intended to be bode well. A spate of horrible murders in Sandford is disregarded with the perception that somehow accidents happen. Pegg stars as the protagonist, Nicholas Angel, a London police officer who lives for his employment. He is a thorough and prompt cop, who is great at doing his job - so great indeed that he is making whatever is left of his associates look crude. His bosses who are played by

African-American culture Essay Example for Free

African-American culture Essay â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker centers in the story between a Mother and her children with conflicting ideas on cultural and ancestral preservation (Mohr). The mother who was described in the story as an uneducated, â€Å"big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands who lived in a rural locality depicted a typical black woman during the 1950s-1960s. The story opens as she waited for her two daughters, Dee and Maggie, as they arrived home from the city studying in a university. Upon their arrival at home, they had a quarrel over the possession of an heirloom quilt. The piece illustrates several levels of meaning. There were various symbolism employed by the writer. The possession of the â€Å"quilt† which the whole story revolved around symbolizes the traditional history and the art of the African-American culture, and to their woman to be specific. Their traditional art gives emphasis on abstract designs as shown by the quilt (Mohr). Moreover, it beautifully creates a transition where something as unimportant and as invaluable as a quilt contained a rich and valued importance such as a cultural representation as the story unfolded. The use of Mrs. Johnson as the point of view in this story has a vital role in how the author contrasted the love for culture as opposed to Mrs. Johnson’s daughter Dee’s who showed less worth towards their Black heritage. Her description as a mother symbolizes the general older generation of the African-American culture while on the other hand her daughters who were then educated in college was a representation of the current (new breed) generation. The dispute over the quilt reflects the two sides of the Black societies. Because of the hidden meanings in the story, there will be several ways one can use in order to explain and interpret the story. The mother experienced a lot of confusions and at the same time the incident revealed to her, her daughters’ contradictory understanding towards their lineage. She described her daughter Maggie like a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car†, that is, she recognized her daughter as unsophisticated but loyal (like a dog), as opposed to Dee who see saw as â€Å"burned us with a lot of knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This description mirrored Dee’s central role in the story which is a representation of the materialistic and complicated modern Black who was caught in the confusing web between acknowledging her culture and the â€Å"fitting in trend† that was prevalent after the Black Power Movement (Ogbar). Even with the contrasted description, Mrs. Johnson decided to give the quilt to Maggie; she thus confirmed and affirmed her younger daughter’s idea of self-worth and at the same time revealed her own concept through Maggie’s personality. Another important highlight in the story is the similarity between the names of Dee and to that of their Grandmother Dee and this ultimately set the comparison between Dee and her grandmother. The similarity in the name suggests that they came from the same race but the obvious distinction in their characters showed the degree of the influence of the white’s culture to Dee and the preservation efforts by Grandmother Dee as exemplified by doing traditional quilting. The story â€Å"Everyday Use† is a reflection of the author’s early life. Alice Walker who was involved in the efforts of cultural preservation used literature as a device to convey her position and opinion as a Black African American in their turbulent period of struggle for equality. This short story took place in a setting almost the same as the place where she grew up in Georgia. More striking parallelism is on the character of Maggie Johnson, like Maggie, Alice Walker is also disfigured due to a gunshot wound. On the other hand, her similarities with Dee are reflected in their exemplary intelligence which both gained them scholarships in universities. As observed in this story, Alive Walker blatantly expressed her views and judgments towards this racial discrimination and this story was as effective as it is since this is reflective of her life, therefore the feelings associated with it has deep connection to her. Art, for example writing, as I stressed in the introduction is one of the effective vessel that carries your thoughts when you don’t want to deliberately express an unaccepted idea and also, it is a helpful tool for conveying a strong message at the same time entertaining.

Basic Implementation of OpenStack

Basic Implementation of OpenStack 3.1 Basic Installation   Ã‚   In this project Open stack was installed through pack stack that is a repository module, help to implement various parts of OpenStack. It represents a utility which facilitates the deployment on multiple nodes for different components of OpenStack via SSH. This requires multiple pre-installed servers. In our case it is CentOS. There are two ways to work with packsack. As follows. Packstack Interactively: the Interactive way is the user commands are run at same time as he gives the command. The user enters the command Packstack Non-Interactively: the Non-Interactive way is the way when the user updates the file known as answer file. Enables and customize the options in the answer file, that customize file is run for OpenStack. In this project, Non interactive is used to install pack stack. Answer file will be applied on our controller node, as all service will work in controller node. The answer file is a file that pack stack takes in order to take decisions that we put in the script, that we want to setup in OpenStack. Services will be enabled such as Glance, Cinder, Nova, Horizon, Swift, Ceilometer, and Heat as shown in FIG 3.1 and FIG 3.2 FIG.3.1 (Answer File with services) FIG.3.2 (Answer File with heat services enabled) Answer file also consists of IP addresses of the three main nodes, Compute, Controller, and Neutron. Compute node, in this project the three nodes are on one single node as shown in FIG.3.3. All these nodes should be interconnected. FIG.3.3(Answer File with all IP address) Moreover, the answer file also consists of keystone authentication user and password in plain text as well as the token that is discussed in the previous chapter as well. This token allows the user to the services that user is allowed to get access. After Answer file is modified the file is run through pack stack through the following in FIG3.4 . FIG.3.4(Run Answer File over pack stack ) Then access the dashboard through GUI as it is successfully installed after as shown in FIG 3.5 FIG.3.5 (User Authentication by open stack (Keystone)) As discussed before keystone plays the authentication role, known as identity service as well. It ask for username and password when this authentication is done the keystone provides the token to the user that consist of the services that are been allowed to the user to access 3.2 Implantation Projects and Other services FIG.3.2 (Different projects of OpenStack) After getting access we can see different projects. OpenStack can deal with different project at a time. Every project has different members as shown is FIG 3.3.A member can be a part of two different projects. FIG.3.3 (Project Members) The cinder volume is the block storage that is provided to the user related to different projects. This is a logical storage to every user that can be attached or detached to the user. This memory can be reused for another user as user finished his work and memory is deleted. The user can be given different memory chunk according to the use. FIG.3.4 (OpenStack Volumes attached to different users) As in FIG.3.4 different volumes are attached to different users for the project admin, their IDs are showing as their name with size of their volume, with the contrast of their instances those are attached to. The next service will be glance service in OpenStack picture. Glance is the storage service that is responsible for keeping images for different instances. All the instances will run through the image file that will be stored in Glance. There can be more than one image but in our scenario its just one image as shown in FIG.3.5 FIG.3.5 (Openstack Glance service) 3.3 Networks and Router The network is the neutron service of the OpenStack that provides the interfaces for different user and services to connect with each other. Since OpenStack deals with cloud computing with private and public cloud, therefore there will be a big role to play for NATing. As shown in FIG 3.6a. OpenStack not only provides compute and data storage service but also understands the role of networks to connect these services. In the following FIG it clearly shows the instances those are connected to a private cloud, on one side of the router with all private IP addresses, will be nated on the other side of the router through public cloud. FIG.3.6a (OpenStack Network) In other words, these private instances can also be accessed through external network. In this unit, this will be explained further. FIG.3.6b (OpenStack Network) As shown in FIG.3.6b private and public IP addresses are shown that will be used for nating. Furthermore, router is also available is OpenStack networking services that not only help in nating but also manages the external and internal networks of OpenStack services. FIG.3.7 (Openstack Router) Unlike other vendor routers, it does not need so much of command configuration, which is the best part of OpenStack router. It is capable of doing all basic required routing functions. These all capabilities plays great role in OpenStack. As shown in FIG.3.7, FIG.3.8 and FIG.3.9 some of the routing capabilities. FIG.3.8 (Openstack Router) In the FIG.3.6 you can easily identify the router ports, where the ports are assigned with the IP addresses, these are the IP addresses from the private and public cloud as shown in FIG.3.4. Moreover, this clarifies that NATing has done by the router, where one port is towards external gateway of the network. This is towards the internet in our scenario. The port is defined on internal or private network. FIG.3.9 (Openstack Router) Public IP addresses are defined as floating IP for the project that needs to be accessed from external network. In the given FIG 3.10 following floating public IP addresses are shown that are for the admin projects, where instances are also defined with their tagged names, as well as their status. FIG.3.10 (Floating IP addresses) For any network it very important to have systematic way of deployments and organize the way of understanding the deployment of any network. This cannot be possible without a graphical representation of network topology diagram as shown in FIG.3.11, as well as in FIG.3.6a in the beginning. FIG.3.11 (Floating IP addresses)

Free Essays: Lancelot in The Knight of the Cart and Odysseus of Odyssey :: comparison compare contrast essays

Lancelot in The Knight of the Cart and Odysseus of Odyssey "Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good (Romans 12:9)." This principal seems to be markedly evident as one closely examines the actions and thoughts behind the character of Sir Lancelot in The Knight of the Cart. When one encounters the adventures of Odysseus in The Odyssey, however, the values of a completely different and slightly opposing culture present themselves. In the medieval times of Sir Lancelot, an ideal man would tend to follow the teachings of the Bible and live a relatively mild- mannered life. On the other hand, in the culture of the Ancient Greeks, the "perfect" role-model for life would be Odysseus and his perspicacious adventures involving grandiose plots against him and his crew. The ideals exemplified by Lancelot and Odysseus greatly and eloquently reflect the morals and aspirations evident in the literature of their respective time periods. This idea is demonstrated when one examines the similarities between Lancelot and Odysseus, their differences, and the consequences of their actions on their lives. Although Lancelot and Odysseus lived in completely different and somewhat opposing time periods, their heroic and "larger than life" personalities share some quite distinguishing characteristics. I say that their time periods were somewhat opposing because the views of the culture regarding the afterlife and any supernatural occurrence represent the conflict present between monotheism and polytheism. One mutual characteristic of Lancelot and Odysseus is their physical prowess present when they do battle against anyone opposing their divine quest. Odysseus tends to take a more militaristic and pitiless attitude toward this combat as shown during his battle with the suitors. Not only does Odysseus slay the entire lot of suitors, but he kills any servant or maid that has been unfaithful to him in his absence. Lancelot, on the other hand, pursues his ultimate goal with an undying diligence while trying, more often than not, to take pity on the individuals that he must combat. This is best demonstrated in The Knight of the Cart when Lancelot fights the knight that repeatedly taunts him about riding in the cart. Although he initially shows this knight mercy by giving him another chance to fight against him, this

Creating a Virtual Reality Game :: Video Games

Introduction When people think of play, many most likely revert back to their childhood and picture their innocent games of make-believe and pretend. According to Brian Sutton-Smith, author of The Ambiguity of Play, play â€Å"glorifies freedom, originality, genius, the arts, and the innocent and uncorrupted character of the childhood vision† (Sutton-Smith, vii). He claims that play is ambiguous, and can deal with many different ideas and characters such as animals, children, adults, fate, power, identity, imagination, phantasmagoria, the self, frivolity, as well as many other outside factors (Sutton-Smith, v). However, I’d like to focus on Sutton-Smith’s definition above that relates play to glorifying freedom and innocence and play as an element of imagination and make believe because this is my most enjoyable form of play. Inspiration The inspiration for my project is the movie, â€Å"The Lord of the Rings Trilogy† because it is my favorite fantasy movie. When watching these movies, a person can get lost in the colorful worlds, detailed characters and incredible adventures that create the magic of the film. This is the old technology I would like to stem from. Watching movies is in itself is an exciting and imaginative form of play. You get emotionally attached to the characters and are sad when the movie ends. But most of the time you are sitting in a theater or a room and just watching the film. I want to take this idea a step further. I want to allow people to step inside the movies they watch. So instead of being a passive receiver of the movie, I want a person to be able to interact with the film and its characters. To achieve this heightened sense of play, I have developed the Virtual Realm. Users/Settings/Social Elements The player must be over 18 years of age for equipment liability reasons and this type of game can appeal to all different types of people: male/female, younger/older, lower/upper class etc. The Virtual Realm can be compared to places like virtual reality arcades and interactive shows like Medieval Times. The Virtual Realm can be a solitary experience or people may choose to interact as a group. They can enter into the same chamber (fits 3 people max, depending on size of chamber) or they can all enter different chambers and interact in the scene together by being different characters. The Making of the Virtual Realm The Virtual Realm is a new virtually reality based playground where a person can go if they wish to interact with their favorite movies.

Job Analysis Essay

The reason for job analysis is to study and evaluate the things that a job is supposed to involve. This is describing exactly what skills are needed to perform the job, and what the exact qualifications are to fill the position. Job analysis is a method needed when the employee need to know the precise function. An example would be that an employee’s duties should be clearly stated. So, a jobs analyst is to observe the employee at his or her current duties. This is also helpful in deciding what the requirements are to perform this job more effectively. As well jobs continue to change so a job analyst n should watch for any changes so that things are kept put o date. The job analyst should therefore be familiar with the job a well as the position. â€Å"The job analysis will lead directly to development of numerous other significant workers (tools): job requirements, job assessment as well as job performance criteria† (Spector, 2008). Today families are shattered, language barriers are high, violence is a standard, and then education which does not get to high a priority. Counselors typically deal with these types of students that have tangible needs, emotional troubles, and behavioral issues. Counselors have an ear for listening; shoulders to cry on and a firm facilitator for regulations are what a school counselor should use. Before becoming a school counselor a person needs to become part of the educational system as a teacher. There are 10 principles that significant according to the Interstate New Teachers Assessment and Support Consortium when reviewing candidates for the position of school counselor. These principle consist of â€Å"learning styles and diversity, motivation and behavior, interpersonal relationships, communication and knowledge, instructional strategies and problem solving, planning for instruction, making content meaningful, assessment, child development and learning theory, and planning for instruction† INTASC, 2008). Many educators, mainly at an elementary age level, have a filled classroom with minimal resources in regards to discipline. It is important to keep a firm control of authority so as to support appropriate learning environment. Behavior is a test demonstrated by students to push more each day in bold new ways. Since these ideas have been said a prospective counselor in education needs to discern and recognize the benefits as well as the risks that are involved. The risks implicated the issues with reluctant and non participating family members with his or her child’s plan for behavioral concerns. The benefits are clear, when a school s filled with enjoyable, interactive programs t is pursued by a renewed sense of elation to from the students. Position Analysis Questionnaire Method The importance of job analysis in education is imperative. A systematic evaluation of a position for a school counselor aids in the supervised development of quality job performance. An Industrial and Organizational Psychologist employ wide range of techniques to perform accurate analysis on all jobs. An example would be functional job analysis, task inventories, job components inventory, and position analysis questionnaire. School counselors at the elementary level are most commonly given the positions analysis questionnaire. Job position for school counselors reflects services, codes, and programs this s found n Chapter 33 of the Texas Educational Code, Title 2 of the Texas Education Agency, or TEA. The basis of employment positions are required skills and the education a person needs to have to apply for a job. Counselors in Texas, has to have a degree n a Masters program with an credited University also have an official teaching certificate from Texas. In addition a people are required to teach a classroom setting for two years or more before an application for the counselor’s certification will be processed. A good score on certification examinations and a national finger print background check will then allow for the person to become an accredited applicant for school counselor (TEA, 2011). In 1996 across the state of Texas the Texas Evaluation Model for Professional School Counselors (TEMPSCO) was implemented. This serves as a form of regular analysis of an all school counselors. It is also pertinent for counselors teaching grades Pre-School -12th grades. It is documented on The School Guidance and Counseling Job Evaluation Form. Eight Domains of Job Performance There are a multitude of sub categories to the eight domains that are observed in the job analysis. This includes certain standards of personal behavior and job performance of the person in this position. All of the standards are provided by the Texas Education Code, Title 2, Public Education, Subtitle F. Curriculum, Programs, and Services: Service Programs nd Extracurricular Activities; Subchapter A; School Counselors and Counseling Programs (TEA, 2011). This requires practicing counselors to assess, arrange and administer developmental programs (including resources in a program and paraprofessionals) designed for other teachers, parents as well as students. Developmental programs need to concentrate on developing decision making, interpersonal effectiveness, self confidence, goal setting, cross cultural effectiveness, planning, communication, responsible behavior, and motivation to achieve (TEA, 2011). Also a school counselor is directed to oversee, review as well as plan guidance programs for students that have â€Å"developmental needs†. These needs are made up of physical disabilities, behavioral disorders, as well as learning disabilities. The addition of students who have disabilities is the essential goal for the TEA. Seen throughout the school district are the continued encouragement of other students and more importantly the parents of the child all through the domain of program management and guidance requirements. A school counselor is suppose to be able to openly counsel the students n a time of emergency, suffering, and other non specified issues. School counselors need to therefore consider many variables and use core concepts that are use n the field of Psychology. TEA advises the counselors to be current on theories and techniques that are believed to be satisfactory to achieve and establish individual, learning, community and occupational development for the students. There is a high standard for professionalism and compliance that counselors are held to. School counselors have to reflect proper moral, ethical, as well as lawful standards of behavior. Indecent use of communications or language and violation of school rules will not be allowed during any time for anyone that is n the educational system. This person is not only an advocate for the school, the students and parents, as well as the entire field of psychology. Reliability and Validity Reality and validity in regards to the job analysis of school counselor has significantly improving in comparison to earlier performed evaluations. The text materials and research carefully provides insight into each category and the requirement for each job position for further review and research. A list of certifications and prerequisite procedures are also listed. Evaluating eight levels of job requirements are: counseling, student assessment, professional standards, rogram management, coordination, guidance, and consulting (TEA, 2011). There are several columns or questions the evaluator has to answer. This is done with a score of 1-5 with each of the eight domain levels. The equivalent of the rating scale reflects the following: 1=unsatisfactory, 2=below, 3= meets the standards. 4=exceeds the standards, and 5= clearly outstanding. If the criteria or standard doesn’t pertain to the applicant during the evaluation NA will also apply. There is also a place on the evaluation to be left blank intentionally that will be used by the evaluator that includes his or her personal information, notes telling strengths additional comments that he or she has for the personnel, as well as areas that need to be worked on. Conclusion Depression, addictions, bipolar disorder, stress, divorce, anger, post traumatic stress disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are just a few of the many factors and disorders that a person would receive advice, therapy, and counseling. These disorders and factors affect numerous students and families alike. Therefore there is a need for ethical, compassionate, and competent school counselors are essential. There is also a dramatic difference in the salary based scale and the worth of a job position for school counselors and a professional licensed counselor n private practice. However, the wish to better children’s lives through forms of developmental programs, advocacy for success and psychotherapy, outweigh any financial gain.

Application of Ict in Library

Application of ICT in Libraries URL: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/anunobi-edoka. htm Use of ICT Facilities for Serials Functions in Southern Nigeria Federal University Libraries Chinwe V. Anunobi Ph. D Digital Librarian Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria Benson E. Edoka Professor Department of Library and Information Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nsukka, Nigeria Introduction User expectation from any information providing system is to make available directly or remotely and in real time the needed information, format not withstanding.In the university environment, the library a major information providing system supports teaching, learning and research with information materials of various types. Among these diverse information materials, serials are needed especially by faculty and research students. Before the development and use of ICT facilities for capturing/acquisition, processing dissemination and retrieval of information, serials operations were predominantly manu al.However with the development of ICT based library service which brought with it self service and simultaneous access to resources (Womboh & Abba 2008), peoples' interest switched from print to electronic information. Furthermore, serials operations in developing countries which was besieged with problems associated with cost (Millis 1992, de Marcas 2000; Aina 2003), inadequate acquisition and processing tools (Szilvassy 1996), competency and accessibility problems (Cohen 1989 and Mullis 1992), embrace the use of ICT facilities as an approach to overcome some of the mentioned problems.This is necessary since according to Ajayi (2003) any industry information or any other which ‘sidelines ICT has simply signed a death warrant' The ICT facilities applied in the library in general and serials unit in particular are based on the functions performed therein. The functions performed in the university serials unit as indicated by Tuttle (1983) are acquisition, processing, public se rvice and preservation. These functions are synonymous with the functions performed in the university library though with some peculiarities emanating from the nature of serials.Therefore ICT facilities used in the broad university library are also applicable to the serials unit but also with peculiarity occasioned by the nature of serials. These services and operations have been transformed using ICT. Aina (2004) informed that there is efficiency in resource organization as delivery and dissemination of information have become effective and easy. Repetitive and routine tasks in the library have been eliminated. Furthermore, the availability of bibliographic database, full text documents and digital library collection is now taken for granted as noted by Chesenga (2004).The IT (ICT) facilities use in the library is defined by the American Library Association (1993) as â€Å"the application of computers and other technology to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and di ssemination of information. Ifidon (1985) enumerated the functions available for ICT use in the library to include ordering and acquisition with the following activities: ordering, receiving, settlement of invoice and administration of records and expenditure..Further to that, Oketunji (2001) and Chesenga (2004) listed library functions in which ICT could be applied to include acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, selective dissemination of information services and preparation of management information. Furthermore, the application of ICT facilities in the library could be in the stand alone or integrated form. Many countries and institutions are at varying level of ICT application in their library operation.Islam and Islam (2007) documented the use ICT in libraries in Bangladash and informed that though the use started between 1964 and 1995, progress was not made until 1996. In Nigeria many universities are at the advanced stage of ICT use in library operations. A nunobi and Benard (2007) informed that in their study of ICT availability for library operations in the Imo state of Nigeria only two of the four academic libraries; Federal University of Technology Owerri and Imo State University show evidence of using ICT for library operations.Emorjorho, &Nwalo (2009) found in their study that only very few libraries in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria use ICT in library operations where university libraries have more ICT facilities than the special libraries. Nok(2006) documented the use of ICT in Kashim Ibrahim library, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria while Ekpengong( 1997) presented the situation in special libraries in Nigeria. Ani, Esin and Edim(2005) also studied the use of ICT in Nigeria University libraries.For serials operation, Agbaje (2002:27) informed that â€Å"information technology can be an effective hand–maid to serials management at every stage of management process and irrespective of content, use, format and overall strategy a dopted for serials management by the organization in question† Akinyotu (1977), Alabi (1985), Oketunji (2001) Agbaje (2002) and Oni (2004) noted that using various approaches, ICT facilities in serials unit can be for the following functions and activities: subscription control, procurement process, order preparation, fund analysis and accounting.They can also be used for bibliographic file control, cataloguing of new serials, preparation of serials record entries and transaction control. Effecting serials additions, changes and deletions or collection control can be performed with ICT facilities. Services and preservation functions such as servicing request for serials publication, binding control file, missing issues, holdings accession of want list as well as union lists are amenable to ICT facilities use.In their findings on the use of computer for library services in Bangladesh, Islam and Islam (2007 ) discovered that all the libraries surveyed used ICT for serials contro l as well as other activities. The services provided according to them include CD-ROM searching, online searching, online networking, photocopying, online information services and database searching services. In Nigeria according to Ikem and Ajala (2000), preliminary use of ICT in the library started with its use to produce Union list of Serials sponsored by Committee of University Librarians of Nigeria.That notwithstanding, its continuous use for various serials function is yet to be known. Statement of the Problem There are copious studies and opinion on the use of ICT facilities for library functions in general. In Nigerian university libraries, ICT facilities were primarily used for serials functions and are still in use. However not much has been found in literature as regards the areas of serials functions they are used, and the facilities in use. Hence the survey tends to address this gap by identifying the extent of ICT use for serials operations.Objective of the Study †¢Identify the serials operations performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigerian federal university libraries; †¢Determine the serials public services performed with ICT; †¢Find out the ICT facilities used for these serials operations; †¢Ascertain if the use of ICT facilities in serials unit of the libraries is a determinant to their use for serials operations. Research Questions †¢What serials operations are performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigeria Federal university libraries? In which serials public services are the use of ICT employed in Nigerian federal university libraries? †¢What ICT facilities are used for these serials operations? †¢Does the use of ICT facility in serials units of the libraries under study determine its use for serials operations? Significance of the Study The result of this survey will help academic libraries which do not apply ICT facilities for serials functions recognize areas of serials operation in which ICT can be used, and the ICT they can use. With that they can strategize on their use.For libraries using ICT facilities for various operations, they will be acquainted with other areas ICT can be employed in serials operation and the institutions applying such. Donor agencies will also be aware of the state of ICT facilities application in Nigerian university serials operation and decide on the areas to assist such institutions. Data Collection The work covered all the federal university libraries in the three of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria namely South-East (SE), South-West (SW) and South –South (SS). The three zones comprise seventeen states with 13 federal universities.The various zones and their inclusive universities are: South East(SE): University of Nigeria, Nsukka,(UNN), Federal University of Technology Owerri(FUTO), Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka (NAU), Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike(MOUAU) ; South-South(SS): University of Calabar(UNICAL), Un iversity of Port Harcourt(UNIPORT), University of Uyo(UNIUYO); and South West(SW): University of Ibadan(UI), Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife(OAU), University of Lagos(UNILAG),University of Benin(UNIBEN), Federal University of Technology Akure(FUTA), and University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB).Questionnaire and observation checklist were employed to gather facts and opinion of serials staff from 11 of the 13 federal universities libraries. No samples were taken from FUTA and NAU as they had no well developed serials unit at the time of this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 55 from the 107 serials staff in the universities under study consisting of five (5) serials staff each including the Serials Librarian and any other four (4) staff which are responsible for acquisition, processing, user services and preservation in the serials units.Self developed questionnaire instrument made up of 5 items were distributed to the 65 staff. Items 1 to 3 of the question naire were developed along dichotomous checklist while items 4 and 5 were weighted on four Point Likert-like scales. The observation checklist made up of three (3) observable items was developed to enable the researcher observe serials functions and ICT facilities used in the serials unit of the studied universities. Answers to the research questions were provided for using tables, percentages, means and graphs. A midpoint mean score of 2. that is the average of the individual scores was accepted for items developed on four Point Likert–like scales. A 50 percent positive response was accepted for items analyzed with frequency and percentages. Results The result of the analysis are presented to reflect the objectives of the research which include Identifying the serials operations and public services performed with ICT facilities in the universities, identifying the ICT facilities used in the serials units and ascertain if the use of ICT in serials units determines its use for serials operations.Serials Operations Performed with ICT The study ascertained through observation in the Serials units of the studied universities functions performed with ICT facilities. The result of the Observation checklist is presented in Table 1. It shows that all serials functions in OAU are performed with ICT facilities; UNAAB and UI have 75 percent of their serials functions performed with ICT. Half of the functions (50 percent) are performed with ICT in UNILAG, UNIBEN, UNICAL, MOUAU and FUTO.UNIUYO and UNN perform only processing and public services serials functions with ICT respectively while none of the functions is performed with ICT at UNIPORT. Considering the 50 percent bench mark for acceptability, only UNIUYO, UNIPORT and UNN do not perform serials functions with ICT. Other libraries do. Table 1: Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Functions Performed with ICT facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials FunctionsTotalpercent AcquisitionProcessingPublic servicesPre servation 1FUTO00xx250 2MOUAU00xx250 3UNN00x0125 4UNIUYO0x00125 5UNICALxx00250 6UNIPORT 000000 UNIBEN00xx250 8UNILAGx0x0250 9UIx0xx375 10OAUxxxx4100 11UNAAB0xxx375 12Total448621 13percent36. 3636. 3672. 7254. 55 NOTE: x=ICT used; 0= ICT not used The Table also shows that 54. 55 percent and 72. 72 percent of the libraries perform serials preservation and public services functions with ICT facilities respectively. A 36. 36 percent of the libraries perform acquisition and processing functions with ICT facilities. Hence serials public services and preservations are the major serials functions performed with ICT in the libraries studied considering the 50 percent bench mark.Serials Public Services Performed with ICT Again, an observation was made to identify serials public services performed with ICT facilities. The observation checklist is presented in Table 2. The Table shows that UNAAB and MOUAU provide 85. 71 percent of their serials public services with ICT facilities. UI had 71. 43 percent of the services provided with ICT. A 57. 14 percent of such services were provided with ICT at UNILAG, UNICAL and FUTO. Others including UNIUYO (14. 29 percent), UNIBEN (28. 57 percent) had low use of ICT for serials public services functions.None of the services listed was provided with ICT at UNIPORT. The percentage of university libraries using ICT facilities for the various serials public services is as shown in the Table reveals that 81. 82 percent and 73. 73 percent of the studied libraries used ICT facilities to access serials and article titles respectively. ICT facilities were used to access abstract; index and the retrieval of serials titles by 54. 55 percent and 45. 45 percent of the libraries respectively. None of the libraries used ICT to access physical serials while 36. 5 percent used ICT to retrieve full text of serials. Using a 50 percent benchmark the result implied that those ICT facilities are used for access to abstract, serials and article titles in th e universities studied. Table 2: Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Public services performed with ICT Facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials Public ServicesTotalpercent Access to abstractsAccess to IndexesAccess to Serials titleAccess to article titlesLocation of physical serialsRetrieval of Serials titlesRetrieval of full text Serials 1FUTOxxxx000457. 14 MOUAUxxxx0xx685. 75 3UNN000000000 4UNIUYO00x0000114. 29 5UNICAL00xx0xx457. 14 6UNIPORT 000000000 7UNIBEN00xx000228. 57 8UNILAGx0xx00x457. 14 9UIxxxx0x0571. 43 10OAUxxxx0x0571. 43 11UNAABxxxx0xx685. 75 12Total659805437 13percent54. 5545. 4581. 8273. 73045. 4536. 36 NOTE: x=ICT used; 0= ICT not used ICT Facilities Used for Serials Operation in Serials Unit Answer to the research question on the ICT used for serials operations was found by the Researcher's observation of the use made of ICT facilities in serials units of the various university libraries.The result of the observation is presented in Table 3. The Table shows that only 50 percent of the listed ICT facilities were used in the serials units of UNAAB and UI. UNIBEN, MOUAU and UNILAG used 42. 86 percent and 35. 71 percent of the facilities respectively. UNICAL and UNIUYO used 28. 57 percent and 14. 29 percent respectively while UNIPORT, UNN and OAU each used 7. 14 percent of the ICT facilities in their serials units. None of the facilities was used at the time of this study in FUTO Serials unit. Table 3: Observation Checklist on the Various ICT Facilities Use in Serial Unit.S /NUniversitiesICT FACILITIESTotalpercent PCCPSFaxCD-RCDWCDCDELANWIntOP 1FUTO0000000000000000 2MOUAUxxx00x00x00000535. 71 3UNN0x00000000000010 4UNIUYOxx000000000000214. 29 5UNICALxXx00000x00000428. 57 6UNIPORT 0x00000000000017. 14 7UNIBENxx000x0x00x00x642. 86 8UNILAGxx0xxx00000000535. 75 9UIxx000x00x0x0xx750. 00 10OAU0x00000000000017. 14 11UNAABx x00xx000x0xx750. 00 12Total7831151130302338 NOTE: PC= Personal Computers; C= Copier; P= Printer; S= Scanner; CD-R = CD-ROM; CDW= CD –Writer; D= Diskette; E= E- Mail; LAN=Local Area Network; Int= Internet; OP= OPAC.X= ICT Used; 0 = ICT Not Used. Considering the percentage of the universities using each of the ICT facilities, the result shows that majority of the university libraries (72. 73 percent) used photocopier for its serials functions. This was followed by 63. 64 percent and 45. 45 percent which used personal computers and CD-ROM respectively. Printers, diskettes, LAN and OPAC were each used by (27. 27 percent). The Internet (18. 18 percent); and scanner, fax machine, CD writer and CD changer (9. 09 percent) had very low use in the serials units studied.None of the libraries was using E-Mail and WAN facilities in the serials unit for serials functions. Considering the 50 percent Bench mark, only personal computers and photocopiers were the ICT facilities being used by the Serials units of the studied universities libraries? ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit as a Determinant of Its Use for Serials Operations A cross-tabulation of the result was made to show the percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in various serials units of the individual universities.The result is presented in Table 4. It shows that although OAU had all its serials functions (100 percent) performed with ICT facilities and 71. 43 percent of its serials public services performed with ICT; it had very low use of ICT facilities (7. 14 percent) in its Serials unit. FUTO which also had 50 percent and 57. 14 percent of its serials functions and serials public services performed with ICT respectively had no single ICT facilities in its serials unit. There was also low indication of ICT facilities use in the Serials units of UNILAG (35. 71 percent); MOUAU (35. 1 percent) and UNICAL (28, 57 percent) despite their average use for serials functions and serials public services. UNN and UNIPORT though do not perform serials functions or public services with ICT had indication of ICT facilities in its serials unit (7. 14 percent). UNIUYO had low ICT facilities use in the Serials unit as well as low use for functions and serials public services. The result implied that the serial functions and serials public services in the Serials units performed with ICT in some cases were not determined by the ICT facilities available in the Serials units of the respective university libraries.Table 4: Cross Tabulation of percent Serials Functions, Serials Public Services performed with ICT and ICT facilities Used in Serials Units of Southern Nigerian Federal University Libraries S/NUniversitiesPercent Serials Functions With ICTPercent Serials Public Services with ICTPercent ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit 1FUTO5057. 140 2MOUAU5085. 7135. 71 3UNN000 4UNIUYO2514. 2914. 29 5UNICAL5057. 1428. 57 6UNIPORT 007. 14 7UNIBEN5028. 5742. 86 8UNILAG5057. 1435. 71 9UI7571. 4350. 00 10OAU10071. 437. 14 11UNAAB7585. 7150. 00 Discussion of FindingsFrom the findings, it is apparent th at there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (Table 1). This is related to the findings of Siddique (1997) in his work in Saudi Arabia, where only two of seven libraries studied applied ICT in serials control. The low use of ICT facilities for acquisition and processing may be attributed to the non-availability of serials software which will enable the use of ICT for the very complex acquisition and processing activities involved in serials functions.An explanation for this could be found in the works of Anunobi and Benard (2007) where many of the libraries studied do not have library software and those with such were yet to activate their serials module. However, that some libraries like OAU perform all its serials functions with ICT and others like UNN and UNIPORT are not performing any of its functions with ICT shows that there is a great disparity among these libraries with respect to the ap plication of ICT facilities for serials functions especially among the geopolitical zones.The disparity could be attributed to the disposition of these libraries to the major hindrances to ICT application in serials functions. This is also related to the findings of Islam and Islam (2007) that there is disparity in the use of computers and its accessories in library services in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the increased use of ICT facilities for serials public services reflected in many of these libraries (Table 2); for serials and articles titles access buttresses the fact that these university libraries are providing serials public services with ICT facilities.It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the Union List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access. This is of the same standing with the findings of Tseng et al (1990) who noted in his study that 55 percent of the libraries studied have th eir serials holdings automated. There is also the possibility that some major abstracts like Chemical, Biological, LISA, and AJOL abstracts may be available in these libraries on CD-Rom or Online.Where only the abstract is available, or there is absence of digital library, full text retrieval may not be possible; hence the low university representation on retrieval of full text serials. The responses on ICT facilities use in serials operations still confirms that the libraries studied use little or no ICT facilities in serials functions. This confirmation was derived from the below bench mark for all the facilities outside personal computers and photocopiers (Table 3). The close to 50 percent average score for CD-ROM implies that its use for serials function is becoming prominent.Such is expected since some libraries like MOUAU and UNAAB have the Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) therefore are providing access to serials and article titles using CD-ROM facilities. Ag ain, since the use of Internet and OPAC has low response, there is the tendency that the serials public services and preservation functions are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. The use of scanner and fax machine by only one library suggests that the studied libraries were yet to digitize their serials. In addition to that they could be turning to new technology i. e. he Internet in place of fax. The information presented on the cross-tabulation of percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in serials functions (Table 4) has made series of suggestions. Though some of the University libraries performed serials functions and public services with ICT facilities, they had little or no ICT facilities in their serials units. This is similar to the finding of Anunobi and Nwakwuo (2008 ) where majority of the university libraries in Eastern Nigeria have not embraced the use of ICT for its operations serials inclusive.This could mean that such functi ons and services were performed in other units or a designated unit outside the serials units. Observation showed that in most of these libraries that provided serials functions and public services with ICT facilities but with little or no ICT facilities in their serials units have distinct ICT, IT, Systems or Computer centres from which all these functions were performed. The implication of these findings is that the use of ICT facilities for serials functions is gradually disintegrating the compartmentalisation of serials units and other units of the university library.Hence it is likely that in not too long a time, serials functions and public services with the application of ICT facilities could be performed from units outside the serials unit in most of the libraries in southern Nigeria. The low positive response on the application of the Internet shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to augment the limited ser ials subscription made by some of these libraries. These libraries also deny users the opportunity of using some fee-based serials that are offered freely to developing countries like Nigeria.Such serials include Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA); Health International Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI); Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE), EBSCOhost, Commonwealth University Documents Online (CUDOS), CAB Abstract etc. If the scenario is not changed, serials users will bypass the library for alternative information providers, thus confirming the conception of Morino (1998) that if libraries do not rise up to the challenges of the technological changes, they will never again be in control of information. Summary and ConclusionThe following deductions and conclusive evidences are made from the findings of this research: †¢Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performe d with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. †¢Public services activities involving the use of ICT facilities are mainly access to and retrieval of serials and articles titles. †¢Though a few of the libraries use Internet, LAN and OPAC, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. The low availability and use of ICT facilities in serials units of the university libraries is not a determinant of its use for serials operations. Hence many serials operations are performed with ICT facilities outside the serials units. It is recommended that university libraries should take a firm decision whether to equip serials unit with ICT facilities and affect all serials operations in the unit or have a systems unit where ICT related operations are carried out including serials. University libraries should also solicit aid from donor agencies in the area of ICT hardware and so ftware for serials functions ReferencesAgbaje, A. A. (2002). Great expectations: Serials management and information technology. In Madu E. C. , & Dirisu, M. B. (Eds. ). Information science and technology for library schools in Africa (pp. 25-36). Ibadan: EVI-Coleman. Aina, L. O. (2003). Strengthening information provision in Nigerian university libraries: The digital option. Paper presented at the 41st Annual National Conference & AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at Tarker Foundation, Markurdi, 7-12 September. Aina, L. O. (2004). Coping with the challenges of library and information delivery services: The need for institutionalized professional development.Nigerian Library Association Conference Proceedings, p. 4 Ajayi G. O. (2005). E-government in Nigeria's e-strategy. Paper presented at 5th Annual African Computing and Telecommunications Submit, Abuja, Nigeria. Akinyotu, A. (1977). Library automation: A state of the art review. Paper presented at the workshop on library aut omation in Nigeria held at the Conference centre, University of Ibadan 6-10 March. Ani, O. E. , Esin, J. E. , & Edem, N. (2005). Adoption of information and Communication Technology (ICT) in academic libraries: A strategy for library networking in Nigeria.The Electronic Library 23 (6): 701-708. Anunobi, C. , & Benard, I. (2007). Availability and use of ICT resources in Imo State academic library services. Coal City Libraries 5&6: 34-41. Anunobi, C. V. , & Nwakwuo, O. (2008). The state of ICT in southeastern Nigeria. Samaru Journal of Information studies 8 (1): 35-43 Alabi, G. A. (1993). Information technology: Whither Nigerian libraries and documentation centres. Leading Libraries & Information Centres 1 (2): 27-35. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago: ALA. Ballentyne P. (2003).Information management trends. INASP Newsletter 23: 5-6. Chesenga, J. (2004). ICT in libraries: An overview and general introduction to ICT in lib raries in Africa. INASP ICT Workshop, Kopanong Hotel & Conference centre, Johannesburg S. Africa 21st -23rd July. ( www. INASP. info/ISP/ICT-workshop2004 ) Islam, S. , & Islam, N. (2007). Use of ICT in libraries: An empirical study of selected libraries in Bangladesh. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/shariful. htm Mullis, A. (1992). Serials. In. Michael, P. (Ed. ), Non-standard collection management (pp. 3-115). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Oketunji, I. (2001). Computer application to libraries. Paper presented at the 39th Annual National Conference and AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at the Imo Concord Hotel Owerri, June 17-22. Oketunji, I. (2001). Libraries and the Internet connectivity: What benefits? In Lasis J. , Odunsanya,O. K. , Sonaike, S. E. A. , & Osinulu L. F. (Eds. ), Automation of cataloguing practices in Nigerian libraries (pp. 32-40), Ijebu-Ode: Nigerian Library Association, Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Sectio n. Oni, F. A. (2004).Enhancing the performance of library operations through appropriate IT. In Madu E. C. (Ed. ), Technology for information management & services: Modern libraries & information centers in developing countries (pp. 95-109). Ibadan: Evi-Coleman. Siddiqui, M. A. (1997). The use of information technology in academic libraries in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 29 (4): 195-203. Szilvassy, J. (Ed. ) (1996). Basic serials management handbook. IFLA Publications 77. Munchen: K. G. Saur. Tseng, S. C. , Arcand, J. C. , Brugger, J. M, Finn, M, Olson, A. J. , & Somers, S. (1990).Serials standards work: The next frontier. Library Resources & Technical Services 34 (2): 139-157. Womboh, B. S. H. , & Abba, T. (2008). The state of information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian university libraries: The experience of Ibrahim Babangida Library, Federal University of Technology, Yola. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/womboh. htm ? Explanation and opinion From the article above, we know that there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (table 1) in libraries.Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performed with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. This is because in Nigeria, many of the libraries studied do not have library software due to the expensive price of the software. However, it is shown that 55% of the libraries have an automated system regarding the serials storage system. It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access.Furthermore, the use of Internet has low response,so there is the tendency that the users are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. This means that the use of CD-ROM is more dominant than internet in Nigeria. The low positive response on the application of the Internet in libraries shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to replace the limited serials subscription made by some of these libraries. This maybe because of the not skilled people in Nigeria. In my opinion, the libraries in Nigeria should optimize the use of ICT.This can be done by having seminars about how to use the internet (how to browse for information, download, save files, etc). Even though the libraries have been changing so much that it changed from paperwork-based into ICT-based system. Though a few of the libraries use Internet, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. This is because the Nigerian people don’t know the technology of internet yet and they are still a developing country. ? Impac t to society: It is clear that by using ICT in libraries, there will be some impact to the society.For example it will change the way of borrowing books, the way of storing data of customers, etc that will be discussed below. Advantages: 1. It will be faster to store information of customers. By using ICT, the process of storing customers’ data will be faster because it only needs us to type which is significanly faster rather than to write 2. The data that is stored will also be more secure by using ICT. When the data is stored using computer, the risk of lost data will be very low compared to when using written forms of customers’ data. This is explained because the risk of losing paperwork is a lot more compared to the risk in computer. . It will be easier to modify / change the data stored. When using computer, we can modify data very easily. This will help the librarians greatly so their job will be much easier too. They don’t need to re-write all the custo mers information again like if they are using paperwork. 4. The process of borrowing books will be much faster and in an efficient way. By using ICT, we can just scan the book barcode when a customer wanted to borrow a particular book. This will be faster since they only need to scan (not to write the description of the book). 5. We can know when a particular customer haven’t return the books that they borrowed.This will reduce the risk of losing books in the library and also will help customer to be discipline to return the books that they borrowed on time. When using the old type of storing data, the librarians will be lazy to check because there are so much data that they have to search. However, they can filter data using ICT and they will work with more tenacity. 6. The society will have more access to information that is available by using the internet. Customers can use the computers that are provided in the library and search for information that maybe not available i n the library’s books.This will improve the knowledge of society and this will lead to a better society with up-to-date information. 7. It will be easier for the society to print, send e-mail, do research etc by using the computers provided in the library. Thus enabling them to score high in their report and moreover giving them a future career prospect. Disadvantages: 1. There will be unemployment for some librarians since the library doesn’t need a lot of librarians anymore. The librarians whose old job were to check / write data in paper will be no longer needed since the ICT will only need fewer librarians to do the same amount of work. . In Nigeria, many people doesn’t seem to understand ICT well, so there will be problems when they are using the ICT system. For example, internet service and computers. They won’t be that interested in using the computer because they don’t know how to use it. So, if they force themself to use computer, there wi ll be probability that they will damage the computers’ hardwares, or the computers will be abandoned with no users using them. 3. The cost of implementing the ICT system is not cheap. It usually requires a lot of money that the university have to provide.This will have impact on other university facilities. Because of the implementation of ICT, other facilities will have only a low budget and this can be bad for the university students. From the list of advantages and disadvantages before, we all know that the ICT system in library have a significant impact to the society. For me, even though it has some disadvantages, there are a lot more advantages that ICT system offers. It will also modernize the local people by providing more and more information from abroad, not only from the books. Thus, ICT system is very important to the better qualified of individuals.